Class Schedule
22 AUG | intro
27 AUG | clients
29 AUG | servers
12 Sep | structural layer
17 Sep | presentational layer
19 Sep | working with layers
24 Sep | behavior layer
26 Sep | images & design
01 Oct | website lab
03 Oct | object layers
08 Oct | tools that read markup
10 Oct | document markup lab
15 Oct | spreadsheets
17 Oct | formulas & functions
22 Oct | data display
18 Oct | Fall Break
24 Oct | database tools
29 Oct | spreadsheets lab
31 Oct | relational databases
05 Nov | tables
07 Nov | relationships
12 Nov | input & output
14 Nov | SQL
19 Nov | complex queries
26 Nov | databases lab
21 Nov | Thanksgiving
28 Nov | presentation design
03 Dec | presentation delivery
05 Dec | presentation lab
12 Dec | 0800-1100 | final in class presentation
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You may use several baseline tools to see where packets of information travel on the network.
Remember our convention.
commandsargumentvalue
If your choice of client is Mac or Linux, connecting with terminal is somewhat similar to connecting with Windows.
If your choice of client is Windows, you can connect to opal.ils.unc.edu using SSH.
Use the terminal application on your Mac or Linux machine, or use SSH on your Windows machine. Each have their own version of the login. SSH uses ssh (the Secure Shell) to login, so that your username and password are not visible to other people on the campus network.
To login from your computer (it's the same here in the lab or elsewhere on your laptop):
The $ is the UNIX prompt; bash $ may be a Linux prompt. But both will do the same things.
To logout when you're done (don't forget to do this!):
Type exit if you are at the shell prompt [the $] instead of the menu
or, select the logout option from the menu.
Utilities available for UNIX/Linux and Windows machines, among others, include ping and traceroute.
ping some URL
like
ping www.somedomainname.com
Ping sends a ICMP packet over the IP to check whether a host is alive, and how quickly a response is received.
On ITSand some other systems,
use
ping -s www.somedomainname.com
then
CNTL+C
to cancel.
traceroute www.somedomainname.com
traces the route your packets take to get to www.somedomainname.com.
The trace can be thrown off by firewalls or other systems that block some types of packets.
CNTL+C
to cancel.
We want to use Traceroute to see how long it takes to send a signal to a remote server and have it return to Opal.
The traceroute program is used to determine the path that messages might take from one machine to another. Recall that any packet (message) sent on the Internet must go through some number of routers to get to its destination. Each link in this path is called a hop. Local traffic usually has very few hops (zero or 1 or 2) while long-distance traffic can take thirty or more hops before arriving. Traceroute lets us look at the path a message might take through this chain of routers to get to its destination.
In this example, I asked for a trace of a route from ITS (not Opal) to a location. I could see it first told me the site's IP address (expressed in numbers) and then showed me all the jumps from ITS's ITS server through switches at CiscoKid, on to RTP, then onto the Internet backbone through several different backbone providers before it ran into routers with masked addresses at the tenth step.
Try it out on sites you are curious about.
Look at the path the connection follows and how long each segment takes.
When you are finished, type in the command
exit
and this will close your connection to Opal
The DOS way to run Traceroute is to go to start and then open the run dialog box.
Then type in
cmd
for a command prompt.
Once you have the command prompt, type the command
tracert
followed by the internet address.
This time, however, the trace will go from your client, through your ISP, and then on to it's destination. The difference is that when you used SSH you were tracing from ITS(because you were using a Telnet application), but in this case you are using a client application and tracing from your client computer.
The same it true for a Mac. You can run it from Terminal, but the command in a Mac is the same as in Unix/Linux,
traceroute.
There are online traceroute tools, as well as additional explanations of the command. In fact, there are lots of additional explanations.