The readings listed here are intended as starting points for learning about particular theories in information and library science, rather than a complete list of the relevant literature. The list of theories included is similarly suggestive, rather than comprehensive.

General or comparative readings

• Jansen, B.J., & Rieh, S.Y. (2010). The seventeen theoretical constructs of information searching and information retrieval. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 61(8), 1517-1534.
• Robson, A., & Robinson, L. (2013). Building on models of information behaviour: Linking information seeking and communication. Journal of Documentation, 69(2), 169-193.
• Jamali, H.R. (2013). Citation relations of theories of human information behaviour. Webology, 10(1). http://www.webology.org/2013/v10n1/a106.html.

Information as a concept/construct

• Belkin, N.J. (1978). Information concepts for information science. Journal of Documentation, 34(1), 55-85. [SILS Library]
• Buckland, M.K. (1991). Information as thing. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 42(5), 351-360. [UNC libraries]
• Collins, A. (2007). From H = log s^n to conceptual framework: A short history of information. History of Psychology, 10(1), 44-72. [Available in UNC libraries]
• Bates, M. (2005). Information and knowledge: An evolutionary framework for information science. Information Research, 10(4). http://informationr.net/ir/10-4/paper239.html.
• Bates, M.J. (2006). Fundamental forms of information. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 57(8), 1033-1045. [Available in UNC libraries]
• Bawden, D. (2007). Organised complexity, meaning and understanding: An approach to a unified view of information for information science. Aslib Proceedings, 59(4/5), 307-327. [Available in UNC libraries]
• Marchionini, G. (2010). The many meanings of information. In Information Concepts: From Books to Cyberspace Identities. Synthesis Lectures on Information Concepts, Retrieval, and Services, Lecture #16. Morgan & Claypool, 1-10.
• Losee, R.M. (2010). Information from Processes: The Science of Information. Electronic book, http://ils.unc.edu/~losee/ifp/. (See especially, sections 1.1 and 1.2, pages 13-19.)
• Ma, L. (2012). Meanings of information: The assumptions and research consequences of three foundational LIS theories. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 63(4), 716-723.
• Ibekwe-SanJuan, F., & Dousa, T.M. (eds.) (2014). Theories of Information, Communication and Knowledge: A Multidiscpilinary Approach. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, Volume 34. Springer. [e-book available at UNC Libraries]

A general model of information behavior (Wilson)

• Wilson, T. (1997). Information behaviour: An inter-disciplinary perspective. In Vakkari, P., Savolainen, R., & Dervin, B. (eds.), Information Seeking in Context: Proceedings of an International Conference on Research in Information Needs, Seeking and Use in Different Contexts (August 14-16, 1996, Tampere, Finland). Taylor Graham, 39-50.
• Wilson, T. (1999). Exploring models of information behaviour: The "Uncertainty" Project. Information Processing & Management, 35(6), 839-850.
• Wilson, T.D. (1999). Models in information behaviour research. Journal of Documentation, 55(3), 249-270.
• Wilson, T.D. (2005). Evolution in information behavior modeling: Wilson's model. In Fisher, K.E., Erdelez, S., & McKechnie, L. (E.F.) (eds.), Theories of Information Behavior. Medford, NJ: Information Today, for ASIST, 31-36. [SILS Library - ZA3075 .T465 2005]
• Harland, J.A., & Bath, P.A. (2008). Understanding the information behaviours of carers of people with dementia: A critical review of models from information science. Aging & Mental Health, 12(4), 467-477.

User-centered perspective vs. system-centered perspective (Dervin)

• Dervin, B. (1977). Useful theory for librarianship: Communication, not information. Drexel Library Quarterly, 13, 16-32.[SILS Library]
• Dervin, B., & Nilan, M. (1986). Information needs and uses. Annual Review of Information Science & Technology, 21, 3-33. [SILS Library Reference and in stacks - Z699 .A1 A65]
• Talja, S., & Hartel, J. (2007). Revising the user-centred turn in information science research: An intellectual history perspective. Information Research, 12(4), paper colis04. http://informationr.net/ir/12-4/colis/colis04.html.

Models of interactive information retrieval (Saracevic, Spink)

• Saracevic, T. (1997). The stratified model of information retrieval interaction: Extension and applications. ASIS '97: Proceedings of the 60th ASIS Annual Meeting, 34, 313-327.
• Spink, A., Wilson, T.D., Ford, N., Foster, A., & Ellis, D. (2002). Information seeking and mediated searching. Part 1. Theoretical framework and research design. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 53(9), 695-703.

Information search process (ISP) model (Kuhlthau)

• Kuhlthau, C.C. (1991). Inside the search process: Information seeking from the user's perspective. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 42(5), 361-371. [UNC libraries]
• Kuhlthau, C.C. (1993). Seeking Meaning: A Process Approach to Library and Information Services. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. [SILS Library - Z711 .Z84 1993]
• Kuhlthau, C. (1998). Investigating patterns in information seeking: Concepts in context. In Wilson, T.D., & Allen, D.K. (eds.), Exploring the contexts of information behaviour : proceedings of the Second International Conference on Research in Information Needs. Seeking and Use in Different Contexts (August13-15, 1998, Sheffield, UK). Taylor Graham. [SILS Library - Z674.2 .I558 1998]
• Kuhlthau, C.C. (2005). Kuhlthau's information search process. In Fisher, K.E., Erdelez, S., & McKechnie, L. (E.F.) (eds.), Theories of Information Behavior. Medford, NJ: Information Today, for ASIST, 230-234. [SILS Library - ZA3075 .T465 2005]
• Kuhlthau, C.C., Heinström, J., & Todd, R.J. (2008). The 'information search process' revisited: Is the model still useful? Information Research, 13(4). http://informationr.net/ir/13-4/paper355.html.
• Cole, C., Beheshti, J., Large, A., Lamoureux,I., Abuhimed, D., & AlGhamdi, M. (2013). Seeking information for a middle school history project: The concept of implicit knowledge in the students' transition from Kuhlthaus' Stage 3 to Stage 4. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 64(3), 558-573.

Berrypicking (Bates); Information foraging theory (Pirolli et al.)

• Bates, M.J. (1989). The design of browsing and berrypicking techniques for the online search interface. Online Review, 13(5), 407-424.
• Bates, M.J. (2005). Berrypicking. In Fisher, K.E., Erdelez, S., & McKechnie, L. (E.F.) (eds.), Theories of Information Behavior. Medford, NJ: Information Today, for ASIST, 58-62. [SILS Library - ZA3075 .T465 2005]
• Bates, M.J. (2007). What is browsing--really? A model drawing from behavioural science research. Information Research, 12(4). http://informationr.net/ir/12-4/paper330.html.Pirolli, P., & Card, S. (1999). Information foraging. Psychological Review, 106(4), 643-675.
• Sandstrom, P.E. (1994). An optimal foraging approach to information seeking and use. Library Quarterly, 64(4), 414-449.
• Pirolli, P., & Card, S. (1999). Information foraging. Psychological Review, 106(4), 643-675.
• Chi, E.H., Pirolli, P., & Pitkow, J. (2000). The scent of a site: A system for analyzing and predicting information scent, usage, and usability of a Web site. CHI 2000 Conference Proceedings: Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 161-168.
• Pirolli, P. (2003). Exploring and finding information. In Carroll, J.M. (ed.), HCI Models, Theories, and Frameworks: Toward a Multidisciplinary Science. Amsterdam: Moran Kaufmann, 157-192. [SILS Library - QA76.9.H85 C367 2003]
• Withrow, J. (2002). Do your links stink? Techniques for good web information scent. Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 28(5), 7-9.
• Hjorland, B. (2011). The importance of theories of knowledge: Browsing as an example. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 62(3), 594-603.
• Hartel, J. (2013). Castles and inverted castles: The work of Marcia J. Bates. (Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Conceptions of Library and Information Science, Copenhagen, 19-22 August 2013). Information Research, 18(3). http://www.informationr.net/ir/18-3/colis/paperC31.html.
• Kumpulainen, S. (2014). Trails across the heterogeneous information environment: Manual integration patterns of search systems in molecular medicine. Journal of Documentation, 70(5), 856-877.

Sense-Making Theory and Methodology (SSTM; Dervin)

• Dervin, B. (1992). From the mind's eye of the user: The sense-making qualitative-quantitative methodology. In Glazier, J.D., & Powell, R.R. (eds.), Qualitative Research in Information Management. Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, 61-84. [SILS Library - Z669.7 .Q35 1992]
• Savolainen, R. (1993). The sense-making theory: Reviewing the interests of a user-centered approach to information seeking and use. Information Processing & Management, 29(1), 13-28. [UNC libraries]
• Dervin, B. (1998). Sense-making theory and practice: An overview of user interests in knowledge seeking and use. Journal of Knowledge Management, 2(2), 36-46.
• Dervin, B. (1999). On studying information seeking methodologically: The implications of connecting metatheory to method. Information Processing & Management, 35(6), 727-750.
• Dervin, B.; Frenette, M. (2001). Sense-Making Methodology: Communicating communicatively with campaign audiences. In Rice, R.; Atkin, C. K. (eds.), Public Communication Campaigns. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 69-87. [Davis Library - HM1226 .P83 2001]
• Dervin, B., & Foreman-Wernet, L. (with Lauterbach, E.) (eds.). (2003). Sense-Making Methodology Reader: Selected Writings of Brenda Dervin. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press. [Davis Library - P90 .D466 2003]
• Savolainen, R. (2006). Information use as gap-bridging: The viewpoint of sense-making methodology. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 57(8), 1116-1125.
• Tidline, T.J. (2005). Dervin's sense-making. In Fisher, K.E., Erdelez, S., & McKechnie, L. (E.F.) (eds.), Theories of Information Behavior. Medford, NJ: Information Today, for ASIST, 113-117. [SILS Library - ZA3075 .T465 2005]
• Harland, J.A., & Bath, P.A. (2008). Understanding the information behaviours of carers of people with dementia: A critical review of models from information science. Aging & Mental Health, 12(4), 467-477.
• Reinhard, C.D. & Dervin, B. (2014). Comparing novice users' sense-making processes in virtual worlds: An application of Dervin's Sense-Making Methodology. In Plesne, U., & Phillips, L. (eds.), Researching Virtual Worlds: Methodologies for Studying Emergent Practices. Routledge, 121-144. [Available online via UNC libraries]
• Zhang, P., & Soergel, D. (2014). Toward a comprehensive model of the cognitive process and mechanisms of individual sensemaking. Journal of the Association for Information Science & Technology, 65(9), 1733-1756.

Information seeking model (Ellis)

• Ellis, D. (1993). Modelling the information seeking patterns of academic researchers: A grounded theory approach. Library Quarterly, 63(4), 469-486.
• Ellis, D., Cox, D., & Hall, K. (1993). A comparison of the information seeking patterns of researchers in the physical and social sciences. Journal of Documentation, 49(4), 356-369.
• Ellis, D., & Haugan, M. (1997). Modelling the information seeking patterns of engineers and research scientists in an industrial environment. Journal of Documentation, 53(4), 384-403.
• Meho, L.I, & Tibbo, H.R. (2003). Modeling the information-seeking behavior of social scientists: Ellis's study revisited. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 54(6), 570-587.
• Ellis, D. (2005). Ellis's model of information-seeking behavior. In Fisher, K.E., Erdelez, S., & McKechnie, L. (E.F.) (eds.), Theories of Information Behavior. Medford, NJ: Information Today, for ASIST, 138-142. [SILS Library - ZA3075 .T465 2005]
• Leckie, G.J. (2005). General model of the information seeking of professionals. In Fisher, K.E., Erdelez, S., & McKechnie, L. (E.F.) (eds.), Theories of Information Behavior. Medford, NJ: Information Today, for ASIST, 158-163. [SILS Library - ZA3075 .T465 2005]

Information use environments (Taylor)

• Taylor, R.S. (1991). Information use environments. In Dervin, B., & Voigt, M.J. (eds.), Progress in Communication Sciences, Volume X. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 217-255. [Davis Library - P87 .P74; in-library use only]
• Rosenbaum, H. (1993). Information use environments and structuration: Towards an integration of Taylor and Giddens. ASIS '93: Proceedings of the 56th ASIS Annual Meeting, 235-245.
• Rosenbaum, H. (1996). Structure and action: Towards a new concept of the information use environment. ASIS '96: Proceedings of the 59th ASIS Annual Meeting, 33, 152-156.
• Palmquist, R.A. (2005). Taylor's information use environments. In Fisher, K.E., Erdelez, S., & McKechnie, L. (E.F.) (eds.), Theories of Information Behavior. Medford, NJ: Information Today, for ASIST, 354-357. [SILS Library - ZA3075 .T465 2005]

Cognitive models of information seeking and retrieval (Ingwersen et al.)

• Ingwersen, P. (1982). Search procedures in the library--Analyzed from the cognitive point of view. Journal of Documentation, 38(3), 165-191.
• Daniels, P.J. (1986). Cognitive models in information retrieval: An evaluative review. Journal of Documentation, 42(4), 272-304.
• Belkin, N.J. (1990). The cognitive viewpoint in information science. Journal of Information Science, 16(1), 11-15.
• Ingwersen, P. (1996). Cognitive perspectives of information retrieval interaction: Elements of a cognitive IR theory. Journal of Documentation, 52(1), 3-50.
• Sutcliffe, A., & Ennis,MD. (1998). Towards a cognitive theory of information retrieval. Interacting with Computers, 10(3), 321-351.
• Ford, N. (2004). Modeling cognitive processes in information seeking: from Popper to Pask. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 55(9), 769-782. [Available in UNC libraries]
• Järvelin, K., & Ingwersen, P. (2005). The integrated IS&R research framework. In The Turn :Integration of Information Seeking and Retrieval in Context. Dordrecht: Springer, 259-312. [SILS Library - Z699 .I54 2005]
• Ingwersen, P. (2005). Integrative framework for information seeking and interactive information retrieval. In Fisher, K.E., Erdelez, S., & McKechnie, L. (E.F.) (eds.), Theories of Information Behavior. Medford, NJ: Information Today, for ASIST, 215-220. [SILS Library - ZA3075 .T465 2005]

Everyday life information seeking (ELIS; Savolainen)

• Savolainen, R. (1995). Everyday life information seeking: Approaching information seeking in the context of "way of life". Library & Information Science Research, 17(3), 259-294.
• Savolainen, R. (2005). Everyday life information seeking. In Fisher, K.E., Erdelez, S., & McKechnie, L. (E.F.) (eds.), Theories of Information Behavior. Medford, NJ: Information Today, for ASIST, 143-148. [SILS Library - ZA3075 .T465 2005]
• Agosto, D.E., & Hughes-Hassell, S. (2006). Toward a model of the everyday life information needs of urban teenagers, Part 1: Theoretical model. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 57(10), 1394-1403.
• Savolainen, R. (2008). Everyday Information Practices: A Social Phenomenological Perspective. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. [SILS Library - ZA3075 .S38 2008]

Health information seeking (Johnson)

• Johnson, J.D., Andrews, J.E., & Allard, S. (2001). A model for understanding and affecting cancer genetics information seeking. Library & Information Science Research, 23(4), 335-350.
• Johnson, J.D. (2003). On contexts of information seeking. Information Processing & Management, 39(5), 735-760.
• Case, D.O., Andrews, J.E., Johnson, J.D., & Allard, S.L. (2005). Avoiding versus seeking: The relationship of information seeking to avoidance, blunting, coping, dissonance, and related concepts. Journal of the Medical Library Association, 93(3), 353-362.
• Johnson, J.D. (2014). Health-related information seeking: Is it worth it? Information Processing & Management, 50(5), 708-717.

An integrated social-biological model (Nahl)

• Nahl, D. (2007). Social-biological information technology: An integrated conceptual framework. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 58(13), 2021-2046. [Available in UNC libraries]
• Nahl, D. (2001). A conceptual framework for explaining information behavior. SIMILE: Studies in Media & Information Literacy Education, 1(2). www.utpjournals.com.

Anomalous states of knowledge (Belkin)

• Brooks, H., Oddy, R.N., & Belkin, N.J. (1979). Representing and classifying anomalous states of knowledge. In MacCafferty, M., & Gray, K. (eds.), The Analysis of Meaning. Informatics 5: Proceedings of a Conference Held by the Aslib Informatics Group and the BCS Information Retrieval Specialist Group (March 26-28, 1979, Queen's College, Oxford). London: Aslib, 227-238. [SILS Libary folio - P325.5.D38 A5]
• Belkin, N.J. (1980). Anomalous states of knowledge as a basis for information retrieval. Canadian Journal of Information Science, 5, 133-143.
• Belkin, N.J., Oddy, R.N., & Brooks, H.M. (1982). ASK for information retrieval: Part I. Background and theory. Journal of Documentation, 38(2), 61-71.
• Oddy, R.N., Palmquist, R.A., & Crawford, M.A. (1986). Representation of anomalous states of knowledge in information retrieval. ASIS '86: Proceedings of the 49th ASIS Annual Meeting, 23, 248-254.
• Belkin, N.J. (2005). Anomalous state of knowledge. In Fisher, K.E., Erdelez, S., & McKechnie, L. (E.F.) (eds.), Theories of Information Behavior. Medford, NJ: Information Today, for ASIST, 44-48. [SILS Library - ZA3075 .T465 2005]

Relevance as a theoretical construct

• Saracevic, T. (1970). The concept of "relevance" in information science: A historical review. In Saracevic, T. (comp.), Introduction to Information Science. New York: Bowker, 111-151. [SILS Library - Z1001 .S24]
• Cooper, W.S. (1971). A definition of relevance for information retrieval. Information Storage & Retrieval, 7, 19-37.
• Wilson, P. (1973). Situational relevance. Information Storage & Retrieval, 9(8), 457-471.
• Saracevic, T. (1975). Relevance: A review of and a framework for the thinking on the notion in information science. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 26(6), 321-343.
• Swanson, D.R. (1986). Subjective versus objective relevance in bibliographic retrieval systems. LIbrary Quarterly, 56,389-398.
• Schamber, L., Eisenberg, M.B., & Nilan, M.S. (1990). A re-examination of relevance: Toward a dynamic, situational definition. Information Processing & Management, 26(6), 755-776.
• Harter, S.P. (1992). Psychological relevance and information science. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 43(9), 602-615.
• Park, T.K. (1993). The nature of relevance in information retrieval: An empirical study. Library Quarterly, 63(3), 318-351.
• Park, T.K. (1994). Toward a theory of user-based relevance: A call for a new paradigm of inquiry. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 45(3), 135-141.
• Barry, C.L. (1994). User-defined relevance criteria: An exploratory study. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 45(3), 149-159.
• Mizzaro, S. (1997). Relevance: The whole history. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 48(9), 810-832.
• Wang, P., & White, M.D. (1999). A cognitive model of document use during a research project. Study II: Decisions at the reading and citing stages. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 50(2), 98-114.
• Cosijn, E., & Ingwersen, P. (2000). Dimensions of relevance. Information Processing & Management, 36(4), 533-550.
• Borlund, P. (2003). The concept of relevance in IR. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 54(10), 913-925.
• Toms, E.G., O'Brien, H.L., Kopak, R., & Freund, L. (2005). Searching for relevance in relevance of search. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 3507, 59-78.
• Saracevic, T. (2007). Relevance: A review of the literature and a framework for thinking on the notion in information science. Part II: Nature and manifestations of relevance. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 58(13), 1915-1933.
• Saracevic, T. (2007). Relevance: A review of the literature and a framework for thinking on the notion in information science. Part III: Behavior and effects of relevance. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 58(13), 2126-2144.
• Hjorland, B. (2010). The foundation of the concept of relevance. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 61(2), 217-237.
• Huang, X., & Soergel, D. (2013). Relevance: An improved framework for explicating the notion. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 64(1), 18-35.

Principle of least effort

• Zipf, G.K. (1949). Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort: An Introduction to Human Ecology. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley. [Davis Library - H91 .Z5]
• Case, D.O. (2005). Principle of least effort. In Fisher, K.E., Erdelez, S., & McKechnie, L. (E.F.) (eds.), Theories of Information Behavior. Medford, NJ: Information Today, for ASIST, 289-292. [SILS Library - ZA3075 .T465 2005]
• Lafouge, T., & Prime-Claverie, C. (2005). Production and use of information. Characterization of informetric distributions using effort function and density function: Exponential informetric process. Information Processing & Management, 41(6), 1387-1394.
• Bronstein, J., & Baruchson-Arbib, S. (2008). The application of cost-benefit and least effort theories in studies of information seeking behavior of humanities scholars: the case of Jewish studies scholars in Israel. Journal of Information Science, 34(2), 131-144.

Information povery (Chatman)

• Chatman, E.A., & Pendleton, E.M. (1995). Knowledge gap, information seeking and the poor. Reference Librarian, 49/50, 135-145.
• Chatman, E.A. (1996). The impoverished life-world of outsiders. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 47(3), 193-206.
• Hersberger, J. (2003). Are the economically poor information poor? Does the digital divide affect the homeless and access to information? Canadian Journal of Information and Library Science, 27(3), 45-63.
• Britz, J.J. (2004). To know or not to know: A moral reflection on information poverty. Journal of Information Science, 30(3), 192-204.
• Hersberger, J. (2005). Chatman's information poverty. In Fisher, K.E., Erdelez, S., & McKechnie, L. (E.F.) (eds.), Theories of Information Behavior. Medford, NJ: Information Today, for ASIST, 75-78. [SILS Library - ZA3075 .T465 2005]
• Haider, J., & Bawden, D. (2007). Conceptions of 'information poverty' in LIS: A discourse analysis. Journal of Documentation, 63(4), 534-557.
• Thompson, K.M. (2009). Remembering Elfreda Chatman, a champion of theory development in library and information science education. Journal of Education for Library and Information Science, 50(2), 119-126.
• Fulton, C. (2010). An ordinary life in the round: Elfreda Annmary Chatman. Libraries & the Cultural Record, 45(2), 238-259.

Life in the round (Chatman)

• Chatman, E.A. (1999). A theory of life in the round. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 50(3), 207-217.
• Solomon, P. (1999). Information mosaics: Patterns of action that structure. In Wilson, T.D., & Allen, D.K. (eds.), Exploring the Contexts of Information Behaviour. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Research in Information Needs, Seeking and Use in Different Contexts (Sheffield, UK, 1998). London: Taylor Graham, 150-175. [SILS Library - Z674.2 .I558 1998]
• Chatman, E.A. (2000). Framing social life in theory and research. New Review of Information Behaviour Research, 1, 3-17. [SILS Library periodicals]
• Fulton, C. (2005). Chatman's life in the round. In Fisher, K.E., Erdelez, S., & McKechnie, L. (E.F.) (eds.), Theories of Information Behavior. Medford, NJ: Information Today, for ASIST, 79-82. [SILS Library - ZA3075 .T465 2005]
• Thompson, K.M. (2009). Remembering Elfreda Chatman, a champion of theory development in library and information science education. Journal of Education for Library and Information Science, 50(2), 119-126.
• Fulton, C. (2010). An ordinary life in the round: Elfreda Annmary Chatman. Libraries & the Cultural Record, 45(2), 238-259.

Information encountering (Erdelez)

• Erdelez, S. (1996). Information encountering: A conceptual framework for accidental information discovery. In Vakkari, P., Savolainen, R., & Dervin, B. (eds.), Information Seeking in Context. Proceedings of an International Conference on Research in Information Needs, Seeking and Use in Different Contexts. London: Taylor Graham, 412-421. [SILS Library - Z674.2 .I558 1996]
• Erdelez, S. (1999). Information encountering: It's more than just bumping into information. Bulletin of ASIST, 25(3), 25-29.
• Erdelez, S., & Rioux, K. (2000). Sharing information encountered for others on the Web. New Review of Information Behaviour Research, 1, 219-233.
• Erdelez, S. (2004). Investigation of information encountering in the controlled research environment. Information Processing & Management, 40(6), 1013-1025.
• Erdelez, S. (2005). Information encountering. In Fisher, K.E., Erdelez, S., & McKechnie, L. (E.F.) (eds.), Theories of Information Behavior. Medford, NJ: Information Today, for ASIST, 179-184. [SILS Library - ZA3075 .T465 2005]
• Heinström, J. (2006). Psychological factors behind incidental information acquisition. Library & Information Science Research, 28(4), 579-594.
• Pasldottir, A. (2010). The connection between purposive information seeking and information encountering: A study of Icelanders' health and lifestyle information seeking. Journal of Documentation, 66(2), 224-244.

Information grounds (Fisher)

• Fisher, K.E., Durrance, J.C., & Hinton, M.B. (2004). Information grounds and the use of need-based services by immigrants in Queens, New York: A context-based, outcome evaluation approach. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 55(8), 754-766.
• Fisher, K.E., & Naumer, C.M. (2006). Information grounds: Theoretical basis and empirical findings on information flow in social settings. In Spink, A., & Cole, C. (eds.), New Directions in Human Information Behavior. Springer, 93-111. [SILS Library - ZA3075 .N93 2006]
• Counts, S., & Fisher, K.E. (2010). Mobile social networking as information ground: A case study. Library & Information Science Research, 32(2), 98-115.
• Savolainen, R. (2009). Small world and information grounds as contexts of information seeking and sharing. Library & Information Science Research, 31(1), 38-45.
• Fisher, K.E. (2005). Information grounds. In Fisher, K.E., Erdelez, S., & McKechnie, L. (E.F.) (eds.), Theories of Information Behavior. Medford, NJ: Information Today, for ASIST, 185-191. [SILS Library - ZA3075 .T465 2005]
• Fisher, K.E., & Naumer, C.M. (2006). Information grounds: Theoretical basis and empirical findings on information flow in social settings. In Spink, A., & Cole, C. (eds.), New Directions in Human Information Behavior. Springer, 93-111.

Bibliometrics; Scholarly communication (see also, Social Network Theory)

• Crane, D. (1972). Invisible Colleges: Diffusion of Knowledge in Scientific Communities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Narin, F., & Moll, J.K. (1977). Bibliometrics. Annual Review of Information Science & Technology, 12, 35-58.
• Lawani, S.M. (1981). Bibliometrics: Its theoretical foundations, method and applications. Libri, 31(4), 294-315.
• Smith, L.C. (1981). Citation analysis. Library Trends, 30(1), 83-106.
• Fedorowicz, H. (1982). The theoretical foundations of Zipf's Law and its application to the bibliographic database environment. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 33(5), 285-293.
• Cronin, B. (1984). The Citation Process: The Role and Significance of Citations in Scientific Communication. Taylor Graham.
• Price, D.J.deS. (1986). Little Science, Big Science... and Beyond. New York: Columbia University Press.
• Lievrouw, L.A. (1988). Bibliometrics and invisible colleges: At the intersection of communication research and information science. ASIS '88: Proceedings, 25, 54-58.
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The INLS 887 website, UNC-CH, 2011, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License. Address all comments and questions to Barbara M. Wildemuth at wildemuth@unc.edu. This page was last modified on December 30, 2014, by Barbara M. Wildemuth.