School of Information and Library Science
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
INLS 765 – Information Technology Foundations for Managing Digital Collections
[Last Updated: 2020-01-10]
Spring 2020
Credits: 1.5
Instructor: Cal Lee
Office: Manning 212
Phone: 919-962-7024
E-Mail: callee [at][ils - DOT - unc DOT - edu]
Office Hours: By appointment
Course Web Site: http://sakai.unc.edu/
The fundamental motivation for this course is that anyone responsible for digital collections will have to understand and be conversant in various aspects of the associated information technologies, in order to evaluate the work of developers, delegate tasks, write appropriate requests for proposals (RFPs), and establish reasonable management and preservation policies.
Upon completion of this course, you should be able to:
Special Needs: If you feel that you may need an accommodation for a disability or have any other special need, please make an appointment to discuss this with me. I will best be able to address special circumstances if I know about them early in the semester. My office hours and contact information are listed at the beginning of this syllabus.
Diversity Statement
"In support of the University’s diversity goals and the mission of the School of Information and Library Science, SILS embraces diversity as an ethical and societal value. We broadly define diversity to include race, gender, national origin, ethnicity, religion, social class, age, sexual orientation and physical and learning ability. As an academic community committed to preparing our graduates to be leaders in an increasingly multicultural and global society we strive to:
The statement represents a commitment of resources to the development and maintenance of an academic environment that is open, representative, reflective and committed to the concepts of equity and fairness."
~The faculty of the School of Information and Library Science (http://sils.unc.edu/about/diversity)
It is very important that you both attribute your sources and avoid excessive use of quotes (see separate document called "In Your Own Words"). Be aware of the University of North Carolina policy on plagiarism. Your written work must be original. Ask if you have any doubts about what this means.
All cases of plagiarism (unattributed quotation or paraphrasing) of anyone else's work, whether from someone else's answers to homework or from published materials, will be officially reported and dealt with according to UNC policies (Instrument of Student Judicial Governance, Section II.B.1. and III.D.2, http://instrument.unc.edu).
The most important measures of your performance in this and all other classes at SILS will be your ability to engage in challenging materials with your fellow students; your reputation for insights and professionalism among your peers and with your instructor; your integration of course material with the other things you are learning both inside and outside the classroom; and your ability to apply what you’ve learned in your future career. However, the conventions of academia dictate that I also assign labels (called grades) to your work on assignments and for the course as a whole.
Based on UNC Registrar Policy for graduate-level courses (http://regweb.unc.edu/resources/rpm24.php), both assignment and semester grades will be H, P, L or F. Few students will obtain an "H," which signifies an exceptionally high level of performance (higher than an "A" in an A-F systems). The following is a more detailed breakdown:
| H | Superior work: complete command of subject, unusual depth, great creativity or originality | P+ | Above average performance: solid work somewhat beyond what was required and good command of the material | P | Satisfactory performance that meets course requirements (expected to be the median grade of all students in the course) | P- | Acceptable work in need of improvement | L | Unacceptable graduate performance: substandard in significant ways | F | Performance that is seriously deficient and unworthy of graduate credit |
According to UNC Registrar Policy, undergraduate grades are based on the following definitions:
| A | Mastery of course content at the highest level of attainment that can reasonably be expected of students at a given stage of development. The A grade states clearly that the students have shown such outstanding promise in the aspect of the discipline under study that he/she may be strongly encouraged to continue. |
| B | Strong performance demonstrating a high level of attainment for a student at a given stage of development. The B grade states that the student has shown solid promise in the aspect of the discipline under study. |
| C | A totally acceptable performance demonstrating an adequate level of attainment for a student at a given stage of development. The C grade states that, while not yet showing unusual promise, the student may continue to study in the discipline with reasonable hope of intellectual development. |
| D | A marginal performance in the required exercises demonstrating a minimal passing level of attainment. A student has given no evidence of prospective growth in the discipline; an accumulation of D grades should be taken to mean that the student would be well advised not to continue in the academic field. |
| F | For whatever reason, an unacceptable performance. The F grade indicates that the student's performance in the required exercises has revealed almost no understanding of the course content. A grade of F should warrant an advisor's questioning whether the student may suitably register for further study in the discipline before remedial work is undertaken. |
| AB | Absent from final examination, but could have passed if exam taken. This is a temporary grade that converts to an F* after the last day of class for the next regular semester unless the student makes up the exam. |
| FA | Failed and absent from exam. The FA grade is given when the undergraduate student did not attend the exam, and could not pass the course regardless of performance on the exam. This would be appropriate for a student that never attended the course or has excessive absences in the course, as well as missing the exam. |
| IN | Work incomplete. This is a temporary grade that converts to F* at the end of eight weeks into the next semester unless the student makes up the incomplete work. |
| W | Withdrew passing. Entered when a student drops after the six-week drop period. |
The text for the course is available for purchase from the UNC Student Stores in the Daniels Building (two buildings south of Manning).
SILS Reserves: Copies of the following books are available from the SILS Library on the first floor of Manning Hall (behind the SILS Library help desk):
For the weekly readings, the following labels indicate where specific course readings can be located:
B = Book for purchase
R = Reserves at SILS Library in Manning Hall
C = Course site in Sakai (https://sakai.unc.edu/), where copies of some readings are available (under Course Documents > Readings)
O = Online through UNC license. NOTE: Accessing these materials can require you either to use a computer with a UNC IP address or visit the associated sites through a UNC proxy server. See: Off-Campus Access, http://proxy.lib.unc.edu/setupinfo.html. If you're off campus and want to enter a given page through a UNC proxy server, you can use the following bookmarklet: javascript:location.href='http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url='+location.href
W = Publicly accessible Web
Another resource that you might find interesting is Computer Science Unplugged, http://csunplugged.org/ [developed for primary school, but also informative for adults
Tools to Support Curation of Digital Collections - This class is not focused on specific applications. However, it is often helpful to know what software is available to support various activities that relate to the topics of the course. For a directory of tools, see: http://coptr.digipres.org/
W, R - Lessig, Lawrence. Code: Version 2.0. New York, NY: Basic Books, 2006. http://codev2.cc/ [Read: Code is Law (1-9), Regulating Code (61-80)]
O, R - Shapiro, Carl, and Hal Varian. "Recognizing Lock-In." In Information Rules, 103-134. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1999. http://www.netlibrary.com.libproxy.lib.unc.edu/AccessProduct.aspx?ProductId=35060
C - Winner, Langdon. "Do Artifacts Have Politics?" Daedalus 109, no. 1 (1980): 121-36.
R - Campbell-Kelly, Martin, William Aspray, Nathan Ensmenger, and Jeffrey Yost. Computer: A History of the Information Machine. Third ed. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2014.
B, R- White, Ron and Timothy Edward Downs. How Computers Work. 10th Edition. How It Works Series. Indianapolis, IN: Que, 2014. [How Motherboards Conduct a Symphony of Data (43-51), The Origins of Computer DNA (132-137, 150-153), How a PC Keeps It Cool (186-187)]
C, R - Petzold, Charles. Code: The Hidden Language of Computer Hardware and Software. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press, 1999. [Bytes and Hex (180-189)]
W - Rosenthal, David S. H, Daniel C. Rosenthal, Ethan L. Miller, Ian F. Adams, Mark W. Storer, and Erez Zadok. "The Economics of Long-Term Digital Storage." Paper presented at Memory of the World in the Digital Age. September 26-28, 2012, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. http://www.lockss.org/locksswp/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/unesco2012.pdf
B, R - White, Ron and Timothy Edward Downs. How Computers Work. 10th Edition. How It Works Series. Indianapolis, IN: Que, 2014. [The Ghostly Legos of Computing (8-17), How Computers Remember (19-27), How a Little Microprocessor Does Big Things (29-41), How the Workaday Floppy Drive Ruled (138-139), How Little Bits Add Up to Big Changes (158-159), How Small Mutations Pay Off Big (162-167), How Devices Capture Light (216-217), How Printers Put Data in Our Hands (322-335)]
W - Rothenberg, Jeff. "Ensuring the Longevity of Digital Information." Washington, DC: Council on Library and Information Resources, 1999. http://www.clir.org/pubs/archives/ensuring.pdf [See specifically: "Old bit streams never die--they just become unreadable" and "It’s all in the program" (2-11)]
B, R - White, Ron and Timothy Edward Downs. How Computers Work. 9th Edition. How It Works Series. Indianapolis, IN: Que, 2007. [How Applications Works So you Can Play (75-93), How Computers Create New Worlds (98-103), Information Content (108-111), How the Impact Printer Was Right on the Spot (142-143), How eInk Puts Words on Your eReader (174-175), How Prime Numbers Protect Prime Secrets (124-125), How File Compression Makes Files Smaller (160-161), How Computers Capture Memories (194-199), How Codes Keep Track of Everything (Everything!) (220-221), How Computers Tickle Your Ears (240-247), How Optical Character Recognition Works (222-223), How Printers Make Cookie Cutter Text (318-319), How Outline Fonts Set the Imagination Free (320-321)]
W - Campbell, Douglas. "Identifying the Identifiers." Paper presented at the International Conference on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications, Singapore, August 27-31, 2007. http://dcpapers.dublincore.org/index.php/pubs/article/download/868/864
W - Hilse, Hans-Werner, and Jochen Kothe. Implementing Persistent Identifiers: Overview of Concepts, Guidelines and Recommendations. London: Consortium of European Research Libraries, 2006. http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/edoc/ah/2006/hilse_kothe/urn%3Anbn%3Ade%3Agbv%3A7-isbn-90-6984-508-3-8.pdf [Pay particular attention to the following pages: 1-7, 40-48]C, R - St. Amant, Robert. "Operating Systems: Working Together." In Computing for Ordinary Mortals, 108-130. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2013.
B, R - White, Ron and Timothy Edward Downs. How Computers Work. 10th Edition. How It Works Series. Indianapolis, IN: Que, 2014. [Operating Systems and Other Software and The Devolution of the OS (61-63)]
C, R - Garrido, José M., and Richard Schlesinger. Principles of Modern Operating Systems. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2008. [The I/O System (219-244)]
C, R - Messerschmitt, David G. Understanding Networked Applications: A First Course. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 2000. [Networked Computing Infrastructure and The Internet (118-131); Two Host Architectures and Three-Tier Client-Server Architecture (140-148); Communication Services (345-368); Network Architecture and Protocols (517-538)] [345-368 is in a separate file through Sakai, rather than the main book excerpt document]
B, R - White, Ron and Timothy Edward Downs. How Computers Work. 10th Edition. How It Works Series. Indianapolis, IN: Que, 2014. [The Origins of Computer DNA (144-149), How USB Really is Universal (156-157), How Networks Tie Computers Together (256-265), How the Internet Brings us the World (267-285), How the Web Puts it All at your Fingertips (288-293), How Email Outraces Snail Mail (300-301)]
C, R - Kernighan, Brian W. "Programming and Programming Languages." D Is for Digital: What a Well-Informed Person Should Know About Computers and Communications, 65-83. DisforDigital.net, 2012.
C, R - St. Amant, Robert. "Programming: Putting Plans Into Action." In Computing for Ordinary Mortals, 81-107. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2013.
B, R - White, Ron and Timothy Edward Downs. How Computers Work. 10th Edition. How It Works Series. Indianapolis, IN: Que, 2014. [How Words are Stitched into Programs (65-73), How Security Software Fights Off Invaders (112-117)]
C, O, R - Baldwin, Carliss Y., and Kim B. Clark. "What is Modularity?" Design Rules. Vol. 1: The Power of Modularity, 63-92. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000. http://site.ebrary.com.libproxy.lib.unc.edu/lib/uncch/Top?id=2001005
C - Cargill, Carl F. "A History of Standards" and "A User Perspective on Technical Standardization." In Open Systems Standardization: A Business Approach, 14-25, 89-96. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1997.
W - Lee, Cal. "Never Optimize: Building & Managing a Robust Cyberinfrastructure." History and Theory of Infrastructure: Distilling Lessons for New Scientific Cyberinfrastructures, Ann Arbor, MI, September 28 - October 1, 2006. http://ils.unc.edu/callee/never-optimize.pdf
O - Bowker, Geoffrey C., and Susan Leigh Star. Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999. http://webcat.lib.unc.edu/record=b4005639
W - Imaging the Internet: A History and Forecast. http://www.elon.edu/predictions/
W - Kling, Rob. "What Is Social Informatics and Why Does It Matter?" D-Lib Magazine 5, no. 1 (1999). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january99/kling/01kling.html
C, O, R - Messerschmitt, David G. and Clemens Szyperski. Software Ecosystem: Understanding an Indispensable Technology and Industry. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005. [Software Supply Industry (171-197); Software Creation Industry (200-265)] http://www.netlibrary.com.libproxy.lib.unc.edu/AccessProduct.aspx?ProductId=100089
C - Sproull, Lee S., and Sara Kiesler. "Beyond Efficiency." and "A Two-Level Perspective on Technology." In Connections: New Ways of Working in the Networked Organization, 1-17 and 19-35. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991.
C - Tenner, Edward. "Ever Since Frankenstein." In Why Things Bite Back: Technology and the Revenge of Unintended Consequences, 3-32. New York, NY: Knopf, 1996.
O - Abbate, Janet. Inventing the Internet. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000. http://webcat.lib.unc.edu/record=b4005077
W - Babbage Difference Engine in Motion. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jiRgdaknJCg
W - Besser, Howard. "Digital Longevity." In Handbook for Digital Projects: A Management Tool for Preservation and Access, edited by Maxine K. Sitts. Andover, MA: Northeast Document Conservation Center, 2000. http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard/Papers/sfs-longevity.html
Brown, Adrian. "Preservation." In Archiving Websites: A Practical Guide for Information Management Professionals, 82-126. London: Facet, 2006.
W - Computer History Museum. "Timeline of Computer History." http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/
W - Digital Preservation and Technology Timeline. Cornell University Library. http://www.library.cornell.edu/iris/tutorial/dpm/timeline/index.html
W - Kay, Russell. "35 Technologies that shaped the industry." Computerworld. September 30, 2002. http://www.computerworld.com/managementtopics/management/story/0,10801,74632,00.html
W- McDonough, Jerome. "Structural Metadata and the Social Limitation of Interoperability: A Sociotechnical View of XML and Digital Library Standards Development." Paper presented at Balisage: The Markup Conference, August 12-15, 2008. http://www.balisage.net/Proceedings/vol1/html/McDonough01/BalisageVol1-McDonough01.html
W - Metadata Basics. Dublin Core Metadata Initiative. http://dublincore.org/metadata-basics/ [See especiaily the four levels of interoperability.]
W - Moore, Reagan. "Towards a Theory of Digital Preservation." International Journal of Digital Curation 1, No. 3 (2008). http://www.ijdc.net/index.php/ijdc/article/viewFile/63/42
Shasha, Dennis Elliott, and Cathy A. Lazere. Out of Their Minds: The Lives and Discoveries of 15 Great Computer Scientists. New York: Copernicus, 1995.
C - Smith, Richard E. "A Historical Overview of Computer Architecture." Annals of the History of Computing 10, no. 4 (1989): 277-303.
R - Tanenbaum, Andrew S. Structured Computer Organization. Fifth ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2006. [Milestones in Computer Architecture, 13-26]
O - Tzitzikas, Yannis. "Dependency Management for the Preservation of Digital Information." In Database and Expert Systems Applications, 582-92. Berlin: Springer, 2007.
R - Tanenbaum, Andrew S. Structured Computer Organization. Fifth ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2006. [Chapter 2 (Computer Systems Organization): 51-134]
W - Besek, June M., Jessica Coates, Brian Fitzgerald, Wilma Mossink, William G. LeFurgy, Adrienne Muir, Mary Rasenberger, and Christopher D. Weston. “Digital Preservation and Copyright: An International Study.” International Journal of Digital Curation 2, no.3 (2008): 103-111. http://www.ijdc.net/index.php/ijdc/article/viewFile/90/61
W - Bibliography - National Obsolescence Centre. http://www.nocweb.org/Documents/Bibliography.htm
W - Brain, Marshall. "How ASPs Work." HowStuffWorks. http://www.howstuffworks.com/asp.htm/printable
Clegg, Helen and Susan Montomery. “How to write an RFP for information products.” Information Outlook 10, no.6 (June 2006): 23-33.
W - Cyberinfrastructure Technology Watch. http://www.ctwatch.org/
W - DigiCULT Technology Watch Reports. http://www.digicult.info/pages/techwatch.php
W - Digital Curation Centre Technology Watch Papers. http://www.dcc.ac.uk/resource/technology-watch/
W - Digital Preservation Coalition Technology Watch reports. http://www.dpconline.org/graphics/reports/
C - David, Paul A. "Some New Standards for the Economics of Standardization in the Information Age." In Economic Policy and Technological Performance, edited by Partha Dasgupta and Paul Stoneman, 206-39. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. [Source of orphan effect and "angry orphans."]
Hanseth, Ole, and Kalle Lyytinen. "Theorizing About the Design of Information Infrastructures: Design Kernel Theories and Principles." Sprouts: Working Papers on Information Systems 4, no. 12 (2004): 208-41.
JISC Technology and Standards Watch. http://www.jisc.ac.uk/index.cfm?name=techwatch_home
W - Lavoie, Brian, Lorraine Eakin, Amy Friedlander, Francine Berman, Paul Courant, Clifford Lynch, and Daniel Rubinfeld. "Sustaining the Digital Investment: Issues and Challenges of Economically Sustainable Digital Preservation." Blue Ribbon Task Force on Sustainable Digital Preservation and Access, 2008. http://brtf.sdsc.edu/biblio/BRTF_Interim_Report.pdf
W - Lyman, Peter, Hal R. Varian, Kirsten Swearingen, Peter Charles, Nathan Good, Laheem Lamar Jordan, and Joyojeet Pal. "How Much Information? 2003" http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/research/projects/how-much-info-2003/ [Executive Summary is at: http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/research/projects/how-much-info-2003/execsum.htm]
R - Messerschmitt, David G. Understanding Networked Applications: A First Course. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 2000. [Building Blocks and System Architecture (113-117), Economics and Policy (204-215, 231-241 ), economics of information (242-254)]
Monteiro, Eric. "Scaling Information Infrastructure: The Case of Next Generation IP in Internet." The Information Society 14, no. 3 (1998): 229-45.
W - Moore, Gordon E. "Cramming more components onto integrated circuits." Electronics 38, No. 8 (1965). http://download.intel.com/research/silicon/moorespaper.pdf
W - Moore, Richard L., Jim D'Aoust, Robert McDonald, and David Minor. "Disk and Tape Storage Cost Models." In Archiving 2007: Final Program and Proceedings, May 21-24, 2007, Arlington, Virginia, 29-32. Springfield, VA: Society for Imaging Science and Technology, 2007. http://users.sdsc.edu/~mcdonald/content/papers/dt_cost.pdf
Rogers, Everett M. Diffusion of Innovations. 4th ed. New York, NY: Free Press, 1995. [See especially: Elements of Diffusion, 1-35 - same chapter is available in the Fifth Edition (2003)]
W - Singh, Pameet, and Peter Sandborn. "Obsolescence Driven Design Refresh Planning for Sustainment-Dominated Systems." Engineering Economist 51, No. 2 (2006): 115-139. http://www.enme.umd.edu/ESCML/Papers/EngEconMOCA.pdf
O - Solomon, Rajeev, Peter A. Sandborn, and Michael G. Pecht. "Electronic Part Life Cycle Concepts and Obsolescence Forecasting." IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies 23, no. 4 (2000).
O - Stogdill, Ronald C. "Dealing with Obsolete Parts." IEEE Design & Test of Computers 16, no. 2 (1999): 17-25.
W - Tuomi, Ilkka. "The Lives and Death of Moore's Law." First Monday 7, No. 11 (November 2002). http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue7_11/tuomi/index.html
O - Bairavasundaram, Lakshmi N., Andrea C. Arpaci-Dusseau, Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau, Garth R. Goodson, and Bianca Schroeder. "An Analysis of Data Corruption in the Storage Stack." ACM Transactions on Storage 4, no. 3 (2008). http://doi.acm.org.libproxy.lib.unc.edu/10.1145/1416944.1416947
O - Balkestein, Marjan, and Heiko Tjalsma. "The ADA Approach: Retro-Archiving Data in an Academic Environment." Archival Science 7, no. 1 (2007): 89-105.
W - Brezinski, Dominique, and Tom Killalea. "Guidelines for Evidence Collection and Archiving." Request for Comments 3227. 2002. http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3227.txt
W - Brown, Adrian. “Selecting Storage Media for Long-Term Preservation.” London: The National Archives. June 19, 2003. http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/selecting_storage_media.pdf
W - Byers, Fred R. "Care and Handling of CDs and DVDs: A Guide for Librarians and Archivists." Washington, DC: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2003. http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub121abst.html
O - Carrier, Brian. "Computer Foundations." In File System Forensic Analysis, 17-45. Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley, 2005. http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com.libproxy.lib.unc.edu/0321268172/ch02 [See also "Hard Disk Data Acquisition" (47-66).]
Cohen, Tyler, and Amber Schroader. Alternate Data Storage Forensics. Burlington, MA: Syngress, 2007. [Includes extraction of data from handheld devices, e-mail, routers, CD, DVD and MP3 files]
O - Cornwell, Michael. "Anatomy of a Solid-state Drive." ACM Queue. October 17, 2012. http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=2385276
Crowley, Paul, and Dave Kleiman. CD and DVD Forensics. Rockland, MA: Syngress, 2007.
W - “Data Recovery.” Microsoft Help and Support. Jully 9, 2008. http://support.microsoft.com/kb/835840/EN-GB/
W - del Pozo, Nicholas, Douglas Elford, and David Pearson. “Mediapedia: Managing the Identification of Media Carriers.” In Proceedings of DigCCurr2009: Digital Curation: Practice, Promise, and Prospects, edited by Helen R. Tibbo, Carolyn Hank, Christopher A. Lee, and Rachael Clemens, 76-78. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina, School of Information and Library Science, 2009. http://www.lulu.com/product/paperback/proceedings-of-digccurr2009-digital-curation-practice-promise-and-prospects/4994819 [See also the conference demo presentation: http://www.ils.unc.edu/digccurr2009/3d-pearson.pdf]
C - Dobrustina, Svetlana A., Svetlana I. Ganicheva, Irina G. Tikhonova, Tatiana D. Velikova, and Pavel E. Zavalishin. "Influence of the External Factors on the Lifetime of Information Recorded on DVD±R." Restaurator 28 (2008): 29-43.
C - Dollar, Charles M. "Appendix 5 – Media Life Expectancy Disposition Charts." In Authentic Electronic Records: Strategies for Long-Term Access, 215-222. Chicago, IL: Cohasset Associates, 1999.
O - Elerath, Jon. "Hard-Disk Drives: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly." Communications of the ACM 52, no. 6 (2009): 38-45. http://doi.acm.org.libproxy.lib.unc.edu/10.1145/1516046.1516059
W - Elford, Douglas, Nicholas Del Pozo, Snezana Mihajlovic, David Pearson, Gerard Clifton, and Colin Webb. "Media Matters: Developing Processes for Preserving Digital Objects on Physical Carriers at the National Library of Australia." Paper presented at the 74th IFLA General Conference and Council, Québec, Canada, August 10-14, 2008. http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla74/papers/084-Webb-en.pdf
W - Farley, Jonathan. "An Introduction to New Media." Public Record Office, 1999. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=B4BF35F8F75DF38121B1C3120F0B6196?doi=10.1.1.39.6616&rep=rep1&type=pdf
W - Farmer, Dan, and Wietse Venema. "Persistence of deleted file information." In Forensic Discovery. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley, 2005. http://www.porcupine.org/forensics/forensic-discovery/chapter7.html
W - Fontana, R., G. Decad, and S. Hetzler. "Technology Roadmap Comparisons for TAPE, HDD, and NAND Flash: Implications for Data Storage Applications." http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/meetings/documents/storage12/5-Fontana-StorageMediaDenstiyfoRNANDTAPE.pdf
W - Garfinkel, Simson L., and Abhi Shelat. "Remembrance of Data Passed: A Study of Disk Sanitization Practices." IEEE Security and Privacy 1 (2003): 17-27. http://www.computer.org/portal/cms_docs_security/security/v1n1/garfinkel.pdf
C, R - Hillis, W. Daniel. The Pattern on the Stone: The Simple Ideas That Make Computers Work. 1st ed. New York: Basic Books, 1998. [Nuts and Bolts (1-19); Universal Building Blocks (21-38)]
Horowitz, Paul, and Winfield Hill. The Art of Electronics. 2nd ed. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1989. [See especially Digital Electronics (471-564); Microcomputers (673-742); Microprocessors (743-826)]
C - Iraci, Joe. "The Relative Stabilities of Optical Disc Formats." Restaurator 26, no. 2 (2005): 134-50.
W - John, Jeremy Leighton. "Adapting Existing Technologies for Digitally Archiving Personal Lives: Digital Forensics, Ancestral Computing, and Evolutionary Perspectives and Tools." Paper presented at iPRES 2008: The Fifth International Conference on Preservation of Digital Objects, London, UK, September 29-30, 2008. http://www.bl.uk/ipres2008/presentations_day1/09_John.pdf
R - Jones, Keith J., Richard Bejtlich, and Curtis W. Rose. Real Digital Forensics: Computer Security and Incident Response. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley, 2006. [See especially: "Acquiring a Forensic Duplication" (161-204), "Common Forensic Analysis Techniques" (207-246), "Forensic Duplication and Analysis of Personal Digital Assistants" (515-570), “Forensic Duplication of USB and Compact Flash Memory Devices” (571-576), "Forensic Analysis of USB and Compact Flash Memory Devices" (577-594).]
C, R - Kernighan, Brian W. "Bits, Bytes, and Representation of Information." In D Is for Digital: What a Well-Informed Person Should Know About Computers and Communications, 21-34. DisforDigital.net, 2012.
Kirschenbaum, Matthew G. Mechanisms: New Media and the Forensic Imagination. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008. [See especially 50-53, 58-67, 89-96]
W - Kuphaldt, Tony. R. "Principles of Digital Computing." Lessons In Electric Circuits. Volume 4. http://www.ibiblio.org/kuphaldt/electricCircuits/Digital/DIGI_16.html
W - Media Preservation (Blog). Media Preservation Initiative at Indiana University Bloomington. http://mediapreservation.wordpress.com/
C, R - Messerschmitt, David G. Understanding Networked Applications: A First Course. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 2000. [125-127]
C, R - Petzold, Charles. Code: The Hidden Language of Computer Hardware and Software. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press, 1999. [Bit by Bit by Bit (69-85)]
W - Pharr, Matt, and Greg Humphreys. "Sampling and Reconstruction." In Physically Based Rendering: From Theory to Implementation, 279-367. Boston, MA: Morgan Kaufmann, 2004. http://graphics.stanford.edu/~mmp/chapters/pbrt_chapter7.pdf
W - Puglia, Steve. “Creating Permanent and Durable Information: Physical Media and Storage Standards.” CRM: Cultural Resource Management 22, no. 2 (1999): 25-27. http://crm.cr.nps.gov/archive/22-2/22-02-10.pdf
Reid, Roger, Gareth Fraser-King, and W. David Schwaderer. "Data Lifecycles and Tiered Storage Architectures." In Data Lifecycles: Managing Data for Strategic Advantage, 145-166. Chichester, England; Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2007.
W - Rosenthal, David S.H. "Bit Preservation: A Solved Problem?" Paper presented at the Fifth International Conference on Preservation of Digital Objects (iPRES), London, UK, September 29-30, 2008. http://www.bl.uk/ipres2008/presentations_day2/43_Rosenthal.pdf
W - Ross, Seamus, and Ann Gow. "Digital Archaeology: Rescuing Neglected and Damaged Data Resources." London: British Library, 1999. http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/services/elib/papers/supporting/pdf/p2.pdf
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