University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
School of Information and Library Science

INLS 781, Proposal Development
Fall 2014

ADDITIONAL READINGS

On this page:

Research Designs and Sampling>> Case Studies / Naturalistic Research / Longitudinal Studies / Delphi Studies / Quasi-experimental Studies / Experimental Studies / Sampling for Extensive Studies / Sampling for Intensive Studies

Data Collection >> Historical Research / Documents and Artifacts as Data / Transaction Logs / Think-aloud Protocols / Direct Observation / Participant Observation / Research Diaries / Unstructured Interviews / Semi-structured Interviews / Focus Groups / Survey Research / Measuring Cognitive and Affective Variables

Data Analysis >> Content Analysis / Qualitative Analysis of Content / Discourse Analysis / Analytic Induction / Analyzing Sequences of Events / Descriptive Statistics / Frequencies, Cross-tabulation, and Chi-square Statistic / Correlation / Comparing Means: t Tests and Analysis of Variance

Other pages for this course:

Syllabus / Schedule (today) / Assignments / Additional Readings / Sakai site


RESEARCH DESIGNS AND SAMPLING

Case Studies

Benbasat, I., Goldstein, D.K., & Mead, M. (1987). The case research strategy in studies of information systems. MIS Quarterly, 11(3), 369-386. [UNC libraries]

Darke, P., Shanks, G., & Broadbent, M. (1998). Successfully completing case study research: Combining rigour, relevance and pragmatism. Information Systems Journal, 8(4), 273–289. [UNC libraries]

Fidel, R. (1984). The case study method: A case study. Library & Information Science Research, 6, 273-288. [SILS Library]

Flyvbjerg, B. (2011). Case study. In Denzin, N.K., & Lincoln, Y.S. (eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research. 4th ed. Los Angeles: Sage, 301-316. [Davis - H62 .H2455 2011]

Gray, D.E. (2004). Designing case studies. In Doing Research in the Real World. London: Sage Publications, 246-277. [SILS Reserves - H62 .G72 2009]

Keutel, M., Michalik, B., & Richter, J. (2014). Towards mindful case study research in IS: A critical analysis of the past ten years. European Journal of Information Systems, 23(3), 256-272. [UNC libraries]

Lincoln, Y.S., & Guba, E.G. (1990). Judging the quality of case study reports. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 3(1), 53-59. [UNC libraries]

McTavish, D.G., & Loether, H.J. (2002). Case study research. In Social Research: An Evolving Process. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 43-79. [SILS Reserves - H62 .M337 2002]

Punch, K.F. (2014). Case studies. In Introduction to Social Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 119-125. [SILS Reserves - H62 .P93 2014]

Stake, R.E. (1995). The unique case. In The Art of Case Study Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1-13. [Davis - LB1028 .S73 1995]

Stake, R.E. (2000). Case studies. In Denzin, N.K., & Lincoln, Y.S. (eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 435-454. [SILS Library Reference - H62 .H2455 2000]

Yin, R.K. (2014). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. 5th edition. Los Angeles: Sage Publications. [Davis - H62 .Y56 2014; older editions also useful]

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Naturalistic Research

Ang, C.S., Bobrowicz, A., Schiano, D.J., & Nardi, B. (2013). Data in the wild: Some reflections. interactions, 20(2), 39-43. [UNC libraries]

Erlandson, D.A., Harris, E.L., Skipper, B.L., & Allen, S.D. (1993). The process of inquiry: Some basic considerations, [and] Quality criteria for a naturalistic study. In Doing Naturalistic Inquiry: A Guide to Methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 20-41, 131-162. [Davis - H61 .D62 199]

Heidorn, P. B., Mehra, B. & Lokhaiser, M. (2002).  Complementary user-centered methodologies for information seeking and use.  Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 53(14), 1251 – 1258. [UNC libraries]

Myers, M. D. (1999). Investigating information systems with ethnographic research.  Communications of the AIS, 2(4), Article 1. http://aisel.aisnet.org/cais/vol2/iss1/23.

Neuman, W.L. (2006). Field research. In Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. 6th ed. Boston: Pearson, 378-417. [SILS Reserves - HM571 .N48 2006]

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Longitudinal Studies

Bauer, K.W. (2004). Conducting longitudinal studies. New Directions for Institutional Research, Issue 121, 75-90. [UNC libraries]

Bergman, L. R., & Magnusson, D. (1990). General issues about data quality in longitudinal research. In Magnusson, D., & Bergman, L. R. (eds.), Data Quality in Longitudinal Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1-31. [Davis - R850 .D37 1990]

Goldstein, H. (1979).  The Design and Analysis of Longitudinal Studies.  London: Academic Press. [Health Sciences Library - BF 713 G624d 1979]

Janson, C.-G. (1981). Some problems of longitudinal research in the social sciences.  In Schulsinger, F., Mednick, S. A., & Knop, J. (eds.), Longitudinal Research: Methods and Uses in Behavioral Science.  Boston:  Marinus Nijhoff Publishing, 19-55. [Davis - BF76.5 .L67]

Menard, S.W. (2002). Longitudinal Research. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. [Health Sciences Library, H61 S129 no.76 2002 no.07-076 (2002); Science Library Annex - H62 .M39 2002]

Plewis, I. (1985). Analysing Change: Measurement and Explanation Using Longitudinal Data. Chichester, England:  John Wiley & Sons. [Davis - HA29 .P6244 1985]

Ruspini, E. (1999). Longitudinal research and the analysis of social change. Quality & Quantity, 33(3), 219-227. [UNC libraries]

Van de Ven, A.H., & Huber, G.P. (1990). Longitudinal field research methods for studying processes of organizational change. Organization Science, 1(3), 213-219. [UNC libraries]

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Delphi Studies

Day, J., & Bobeva, M. (2005). A generic toolkit for the successful management of Delphi studies. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 3(2), 103-116. [Online]

Doyle, C.S. (1993). The Delphi method as a qualitative assessment tool for development of outcome measures of information literacy. School Library Media Annual, 11, 132-144. [SILS - Z675.S3 S285 v.11]

Dyer, E.R. (1979). The Delphi technique in library research. Library Research, 1(1), 41-52. [SILS periodicals]

Fischer, R.G. (1978). The Delphi method:  A description, review, and criticism. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 4(2), 64-70. [UNC libraries, via Academic Search Complete]

Linstone, H.A., & Turoff, M. (1975). The Delphi Method:  Techniques and Applications. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. [SILS, Undergrad - T174 .D44]

Okoli, C., & Pawlowski, S.D. (2004). The Delphi method as a research tool: An example, design considerations and applications. Information & Management, 42, 15-29. [UNC libraries]

Sackman, H. (1975). Delphi Critique:  Expert Opinion, Forecasting, and Group Process. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. [Davis - HM73 .S23]

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Quasi-Experimental Studies

Campbell, D., & Stanley, J. (1963). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Chicago, IL: Rand-McNally. [SILS, Undergrad - Q175 .C23]

Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (1979). Quasi-Experimentation: Design and Analysis Issues for Field Settings. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. [Davis - H62 .C5857 1979b; Health Sciences Library - H 62 C771q 1979]

Dane, F.C. (1990). Quasi-experimental research. In Research Methods. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co., 104-118. [SILS Reserves - H62 .D225 1990]

Fife-Schaw, C. (2000). Quasi-experimental designs. In Research Methods in Psychology. 2nd ed. London: Sage, 75-87. [Davis - BF76.5 .R466 2000]

Gribbons, B., & Herman, J. (1997). True and quasi-experimental designs. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 5(14). [http://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=5&n=14]

Lorenzetti, D. (2006). Identifying appropriate quantitative study designs for library research. Evidence Based Library and Information Practice, 2(1), 3-14. https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/EBLIP/article/view/157.

Mason, E.J., & Bramble, W.J. (1997). Quasi-experimentation: When there can be no random assignment. In Research in Education and the Behavioral Sciences: Concepts and Methods. Madison, WI: Brown & Benchmark, 123-144. [Davis – LB1028 .M325 1997]

Pedhazur, E. J., & Schmelkin, L. P. (1991). Quasi-experimental designs. In Measurement, Design, and Analysis: An Integrated Approach. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 277-303. [SILS Reserves - H62 .P325 1991]

Punch, K.F. (2014). Quasi-experimental and non-experimental design. In Introduction to Social Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 213-216. [SILS Reserves - H62 .P93 2014]

Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R.L. (2008). Nonrandomized research and functional relationships. In Essentials of Behavioral Research: Methods and Data Analysis. 3rd ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 233-259. [SILS Reserves - BF76.5 .R629 2008]

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Experimental Studies

Babbie, E. (2013). Experiments. In The Practice of Social Research. 13th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth CENGAGE Learning, 228-251. [SILS Reserves – H62 .B23 2013]

Campbell, D., & Stanley, J. (1963). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Chicago, IL: Rand-McNally. [SILS, Undergrad - Q175 .C23]

Connaway, L.S., & Powell, R.R. (2010). Experimental research. In Basic Research Methods for Librarians. 5th ed. Santa Barbara, CA: Libraries Unlimited, 189-206. [SILS Reserves – Z669.7 .P68 2010]

Cotton, J.W. (1993). Latin square designs. In Edwards, L.K. (ed.), Applied Analysis of Variance in Behavioral Science. New York: Marcel Dekker, 147-196. [UNC Libraries, e-book]

Dane, F.C. (1990). Experimental research. In Research Methods. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co., 75-103. [SILS Reserves - H62 .D225 1990]

Davis, A., & Rose, D. (2000). The experimental method in psychology. In Breakwell, G.M., Hammond, S., & Fife-Schaw, C. (eds.), Research Methods in Psychology. London: SAGE, 42-58. [SILS Reserves – BF76.5 .R466 2000]

Haas, D.F., & Kraft, D.H. (1984). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research in information science. Information Processing & Management, 20(1-2), 229-237. [UNC libraries]

Kelly, D. (2009). Methods for evaluating interactive information retrieval systems with users. Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval, 3(1-2). [UNC libraries]

Leedy, P.D., & Ormrod, J.E. (2001). Experimental and causal-comparative designs. In Practical Research: Planning and Design. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall, 229-251. [SILS Reserves – Q180.55 .M4 L43 2001]

Mason, E.J., & Bramble, W.J. (1997). Understanding and designing experimental studies. In Research in Education and the Behavioral Sciences: Concepts and Methods. Madison, WI: Brown & Benchmark, 93-122. [Davis – LB1028 .M325 1997]

McTavish, D.G., & Loether, H.J. (2002). Experimental research. In Social Research: An Evolving Process. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 132-150. [SILS Reserves - H62 .M337 2002]

Mitchell, M., & Jollie, J. (2004). The simple experiment. In Research Design Explained. Thomson/Wadsworth, 242-289. [SILS Reserves - BF76.5 .M57 2004]

Neuman, W.L. (2006). Experimental research. In Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. 6th ed. Boston: Pearson, 246-271. [SILS Reserves - HM571 .N48 2006]

Patten, M.L. (2002). Experimental design. In Understanding Research Methods: An Overview of the Essentials. Los Angeles: Pyrczak Publishing, 77-88. [SILS Reserve - Q180.55 .M4 P38 2002]

Pedhazur, E. J., & Schmelkin, L. P. (1991). Experimental designs. In Measurement, Design, and Analysis: An Integrated Approach. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 250-276. [SILS Reserves - H62 .P325 1991]

Piper, A.I. (1998). Conducting social science laboratory experiments on the World Wide Web. Library & Information Science Research, 20(1), 5-21. [UNC libraries]

Punch, K.F. (2014). Research design [and] The experiment. In Introduction to Social Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 206-213. [SILS Reserves - H62 .P93 2014]

Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R.L. (2008). Randomized controlled experiments and causal inference. In Essentials of Behavioral Research: Methods and Data Analysis. 3rd ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 189-232. [SILS Reserves - BF76.5 .R629 2008]

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Sampling for Extensive Studies

Asraf, R.M., & Brewer, J.K. (2004). Conducting tests of hypotheses: The need for an adequate sample size. Australian Educational Researcher, 31(1), 79-94. [UNC libraries]

Bernard, H. R. (2000). Sampling. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Research Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 143-186. [SILS Reserves – H62 .B439 2000]

Babbie, E. (2013). The logic of sampling. In The Practice of Social Research. 13th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth CENGAGE Learning, 185-225. [SILS Reserves – H62 .B23 2013]

Bookstein, A. (1974). How to sample badly. Library Quarterly, 44(2), 124-132. [UNC libraries]

Burkell J. (2003). The dilemma of survey nonresponse. Library & Information Science Research, 25(3), 239-263. [UNC libraries]

Cohen, J. (1965). Some statistical issues in psychological research. In Wolman, B.B. (ed.), Handbook of Clinical Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 95-121. [Davis - RC467 .W6]

Cohen, J. (1988). Statstical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [Davis - HA29 .C66 1988]

Connaway, L.S., & Powell, R.R. (2010). Sampling. In Basic Research Methods for Librarians. 5th ed. Santa Barbara, CA: Libraries Unlimited, 115-142. [SILS Reserves – Z669.7 .P68 2010]

Dane, F.C. (1990). Sampling. In Research Methods. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co., 288-306. [SILS Reserves - H62 .D225 1990]

David, M., & Sutton, C.D. (2004). Sampling. In Social Research: The Basics. London: Sage, 149-155. [SILS Reserves - H62 .D38 2004]

Fan, X., & Wang, L. (1999). Practical guidelines for evaluating sampling designs in survey studies. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Evaluation Association (Orlando, FL, Nov. 3-6, 1999). ERIC Document ED 435 701.

Fife-Schaw, C. (2000). Surveys and sampling issues. In Breakwell, G.M., Hammond, S., & Fife-Schaw, C. (eds.), Research Methods in Psychology. London: SAGE, 88-104. [SILS Reserves – BF76.5 .R466 2000]

Glicken, M.D. (2003). Sampling. In Social Research: A Simple Guide. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 175-191. [Davis - HM571 .G57 2003]

Haas, D.F. (1982). Survey sampling and the logic of inference in sociology. American Sociologist, 17, 101-111. [Davis - HM9 .A713]

Hernon, P. (1994). Determination of sample size and selection of the sample: Concepts, general sources, and software. College & Research Libraries, 55(2), 171-179. [Online]

Howell, D.C. (2004). Power. In Fundamental Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. 5th ed. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, 332-354. [SILS - HA29 .H78 2004]

Kumar, R. (2005). Sampling. In Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners. 2nd ed. London: SAGE, 163-184. [SILS Reserves - Q180.55.M4 K86 2005]

Lin, M., Lucas, H.C., Jr., & Shmueli, G. (2013). Too big to fail: Large samples and the p-value problem [Research commentary]. Information Systems Research, 24(4), 906-917. [UNC libraries]

Loether, H.J., & McTavish, D.G. (1993). Sampling principles. In Descriptive and Inferential Statistics: An Introduction. Boston : Allyn and Bacon, 380-409. [SILS Reserves – HN25 .L62 1993]

McTavish, D.G., & Loether, H.J. (2002). Sampling and inference. In Social Research: An Evolving Process. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 101-129. [SILS Reserves - H62 .M337 2002]

Neuman, W.L. (2006). Qualitative and quantitative sampling. In Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. 6th ed. Boston: Pearson, 219-244. [SILS Reserves - HM571 .N48 2006]

Patten, M.L. (2002). Sampling. In Understanding Research Methods: An Overview of the Essentials. Los Angeles: Pyrczak Publishing, 39-50. [SILS Reserve - Q180.55 .M4 P38 2002]

Pedhazur, E. J., & Schmelkin, L. P. (1991). Introduction to sampling. In Measurement, Design, and Analysis: An Integrated Approach. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 318-340. [SILS Reserves - H62 .P325 1991]

Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R.L. (1984). Indices of effect size. In Essentials of Behavioral Research: Methods and Data Analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill, 361-365. [Davis - BF76.5 .R629 1984]

Scheaffer, R.L., Mendenhall, W., III, & Ott, L. (1996). Chapter 4, Simple random sampling, [and] Chapter 5, Stratified random sampling. In Elementary Survey Sampling. 5th ed. Belmont, CA: Duxbury Press. [Health Sciences Library - QA 276.6 S314 1996; Science Library Annex - QA276.6 .S385 1996]

Sudman, S. (1976). Applied Sampling. New York: Academic Press. [SILS, Davis - HN29 .S688]

Vaughan, L. (2001). How to collect data -- Sampling methods. In Statistical Methods for the Information Professional. Medford, NJ: Information Today, 67-74. [SILS Reserves – HF1017 .V38 2001]

Sampling for usability testing

Faulkner, L. (2003). Beyond the five-user assumption: Benefits of increased sample sizes in usability testing. Behavior Research Methods Instruments & Computers, 35(3), 379-383. [UNC libraries]

Hwang, W., & Salvendy, G. (2010). Number of people required for usability evaluation: The 10±2 rule. Communications of the ACM (Virtual Extension), 53(5), 130-133. [UNC libraries]

Lewis, J.R. (2006). Sample sizes for usability tests: Mostly math, not magic. interactions, 13(6), 29-33. [UNC libraries]

Schmettow, M. (2012). Sample size in usability studies. Communications of the ACM, 55(4), 64-70. [UNC libraries]

Spool, J., & Schroeder, W. (2001). Testing Web sites: Five users is nowhere near enough. CHI 2001 Abstracts, 285-286. [UNC libraries]

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Sampling for Intensive Studies

Burgess, R.G. (1984). Selection strategies in field research. In the Field: An Introduction to Field Research. London: Unwin Hyman, 52-77. [SILS Reserves - HM48 .B87 1984]

Carey, R.F., McKechnie, L.E.F., & McKenzie, P.J. (2001). Gaining access to everyday life information seeking. Library & Information Science Research, 23(4), 319-334. [UNC libraries]

Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Theoretical sampling. In Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 143-158. [SILS Reserves - HA29 .S823 2008]

Coyne, I.T. (1997). Sampling in qualitative research. Purposeful and theoretical sampling; merging or clear boundaries? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 26(3), 623-630. [UNC libraries]

Lofland, J., Snow, D., Anderson, L., & Lofland, L.H. (2006). Evaluating data sites [and] Getting in. Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis. Canada: Thomson Wadsworth, 15-53. [Davis - HM48 .L63 2006]

Mason, J. (2002). Sampling and selection in qualitative research. In Qualitative Researching. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 120-144. [Davis - H62 .M2853 2002]

O'Reilly, M., & Parker, N. (2013). 'Unsatisfactory saturation': A critical exploration of the notion of saturated sample sizes in qualitative research. Qualitative Research, 13(2), 190-197. [UNC libraries]

Punch, K.F. (2014). Sampling in qualitative research. In Introduction to Social Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 160-163. [SILS Reserves - H62 .P93 2014]

Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Theoretical sampling. In Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 201-215. [SILS - HA29 .S823 1998; Health Sciences Library - HA 29 S912b 1998]

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DATA COLLECTION

Historical Research

Appleby, J., Hunt, L., & Jacob, M. (1994). Telling the Truth about History. New York: W. W. Norton and Co. [Davis, Undergrad - E175 .A67 1994]

Barzun, J., & Graff, H.F. (2004). The Modern Researcher. 6th ed. Belmont, A: Thomson/Wadsworth. [Davis - LB2369 .B28 2004]

Berkhofer, R.F., Jr. (1995). Beyond the Great Story: History as Text and Discourse. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. [Davis - D16 .B464 1995]

Carr, E.H. (2001). What is History? Basingstoke: Palgrave. [Davis - D16.8 .C33 2001].

Conkin, P.K., & Stromberg, R.N. (1971). The Heritage and Challenge of History. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. [Davis - D13 .C635]

Gottschalk, L. (1945). The historian and the historical document. In Gottschalk, L., Kluckhohn, C., & Angell, R., The Use of Personal Documents in History, Anthropology, and Sociology. New York: Social Science Research Council, 1-75. [Davis - H61 .G6]

Leedy, P.D., & Ormrod, J.E. (2001). Historical research. In Practical Research: Planning and Design. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall, 172-188. [SILS Reserves – Q180.55 .M4 L43 2001]

Novick, P. (1988). That Noble Dream: The “Objectivity Question” and the American Historical Profession. New York: Cambridge University Press. [Davis - D13.5 .U6 N68 1988; also available as e-book]

Porra, J., Hirschheim, R., & Parks, M.S. (2014). The historical research method and information systems research. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 15(9), 536-576. http://aisel.aisnet.org/jais/vol15/iss9/3.

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Existing Documents and Artifacts as Data

Burgess, R.G. (1984). Methods of field research 3: Using personal documents. In the Field: An Introduction to Field Research. London: Unwin Hyman, 123-142. [SILS Reserves - HM48 .B87 1984]

David, M., & Sutton, C.D. (2004). Collecting textual data (including vusla 'texts'): Mass media, public, private, personal. In Social Research: The Basics. London: Sage, 117-120. [SILS Reserves - H62 .D38 2004]

Denscombe, J. (2003). Documents. In The Good Research Guide for Small-Scale Social Research Projects. 2nd ed. Maidenhead: Open University Press, 227-246. [Davis - H61 .D35 2007]

Fife, W. (2005). Newspapers and government documents: Popular and official sources of information. In Doing Fieldwork: Ethnographic Methods for Research in Developing Countries and Beyond. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 53-70. [SILS Reserves- GN346 .F537 2005]

Gray, D.E. (2004). Collecting primary data: Unobstrusive measures. In Doing Research in the Real World. London: Sage Publications, 424-445. [SILS Reserves - H62 .G72 2009]

Hodder, I. (2000). The interpretation of documents and material culture. In Denzin, N.K., & Lincoln, Y.S. (eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 703-716. [SILS Reference, Davis - H62 .H2455 2000]

Miller, G. (1997). Contextualizing texts: Studying organizational texts. In Miller, G., & Dingwall, R. (eds.), Context and Method in Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 77-91. [Davis - H62 .C6445 1997]

Nicholson, S. (2005). Digital library archaeology: A conceptual framework for understanding library use through artifact-based evaluation. Library Quarterly, 75(4), 496-520. [UNC libraries]

Platt, J. (1981). Evidence and proof in documentary research: I. Some specific problems of documentary research. The Sociological Review, 29(1), 31-52. [Davis - HM1 .S7]

Punch, K.F. (2014). Documentary data. In Introduction to Social Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 158-160. [SILS Reserves - H62 .P93 2014]

Robson, C. (2011). Content analysis of documents. In Real World Research: A Resource for Users of Social Research Methods in Applied Settings. 3rd ed. Chichester, UK: Wiley, 348-358. [SILS, Davis - H62 .R627 2002]

Scott, J. (1990). Explorations in official documents [and] Personal documents. In A Matter of Record: Documentary Sources in Social Research. Cambridge: Polity Press, 96-135, 173-197. [Davis - H61 .S445 1990]

Webb, E.J., Campbell, D.T., Schwartz, R.D., & Sechrest, L. (2000). Archives I: The running record, [and] Archives II: The episodic and privated record. In Unobtrusive Measures. Revised ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 53-112. [SILS, Davis – H62 .H675 2000; HSL – H 62 U58 2000]

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Transaction Logs

Borgman, C., Hirsh, S.G. & Hiller, J. (1996). Rethinking online monitoring methods for information retrieval systems: From search product to search process.  Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 47(7), 568-583. [UNC libraries]

Cooley, R., Mobasher, B., & Srivastava, J. (1999). Data preparation for mining World Wide Web browsing patterns. Knowledge & Information Systems, 1(1), 5-32. [UNC libraries]

Goddard, L. (2007). Getting to the source: A survey of quantitative data sources available to the everyday librarian. Part I: Web server log analysis, [and] Part II: Data sources from specific library applications. Evidence Based Library & Information Practice, 2(1), 48-88. http://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/EBLIP/issue/view/17.

Hollink, V., Tsikrika, T., & de Vries, A.P. (2011). Semantic search log analysis: A method and a study on professional image search. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 62(4), 691-713. [UNC libraries]

Jansen, B.J. (2006). Search log analysis:  What it is, what’s been done, how to do it. Library & Information Science Research, 28(3), 407-432. [UNC libraries]

Jansen, B.J., Spink, A., Blakey, C., & Koshman, S. (2007). Defining a session on Web search engines. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 58(6), 862-871. [UNC libraries]

Jansen, B.J. (2009). The methodology of search log analysis. In Jansen, B.J., Spink, A., & Taksa, I. (eds.), Handbook of Research on Web Log Analysis. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference, 99-121. [SILS TK5105.888 .H3636 2009]

Lucchese, C., Orlando, S., Perego, R., Silvestri, F., & Tolomei, G. (2013). Discovering tasks from search engine query logs. ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 31(3), Article 14. [UNC libraries]

McCullagh, D. (2006, Aug 7). AOL’s disturbing glimpse into user’s lives. C/NET news.com. Retrieved November 27, 2007, from http://www.news.com/AOLs-disturbing-glimpse-into-users-lives/2100-1030_3-6103098.html.

Peters, T.A. (1993). The history and development of transaction log analysis. Library Hi Tech, 11(2), 41-66. [SILS journal collection]

Wang, P., Berry, M.W., & Yang, Y. (2003). Mining longitudinal Web queries: Trends and patterns. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 54(8), 743-758. [UNC libraries]

Warkentin, M., Luo, X., & Templeton, G.F. (2005). A framework for spyware assessment. Communications of the ACM, 48(8), 79-84. [UNC libraries]

Whittle, M., Eaglestone, B., Ford, N., Gillet, V.J., & Madden, A. (2007). Data mining of search engine logs. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 58(14), 2382-2400. [UNC libraries]

Yun, G.W., Ford, J., Hawkins, R.P., Pingree, S., McTavish, F., Gustafson, D., & Berhe, H. (2006).  On the validity of client-side vs. server-side Web log data analysis.  Internet Research, 16(5), 537-552. [UNC libraries]

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Think-aloud Protocols

Boren, M.T., & Ramey, J. (2000). Thinking aloud: Reconciling theory and practice. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 43(3), 261-278. [UNC libraries]

Crutcher, R. (1994). Telling what we know: The use of verbal report methodologies in psychological research. Psychological Science, 5(5), 241-244. [UNC libraries]

Ericsson, K.A., & Simon, H.A. (1980). Verbal reports as data. Psychological Review, 87(3), 215-251. [UNC libraries]

Ericsson, K.A., & Simon, H.A. (1993). Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports as Data. Revised edition. Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books/MIT Press. [Davis - BF455 .E68 1993]

Griffiths, J.R., Hartley, R.J., & Wilson, J.P. (2002). An improved method of studying user system interaction by combining transaction log analysis and protocol analysis. Information Research, 7(4), paper 139. Retrieved December 10, 2007, from http://informationr.net/ir/7-4/paper139.html.

Henderson, R.D., Smith, M.C., Podd, J., & Varela-Alvarez, X. (1995). A comparison of the four prominent user-based methods for evaluating the usability of computer software. Ergonomics, 38(10), 2030 – 2044. [UNC libraries]

Hertzum, M., Hansen, K.D., & Andersen, H.H.K. (2009). Scrutinising usability evaluation: Does thinking aloud affect behaviour and mental workload? Behaviour & Information Technology, 28(2), 165-181. [UNC libraries]

Hughes, J., & Parkes, S. (2003). Trends in the use of verbal protocol analysis in software engineering research. Behaviour & Information Technology, 22(2), 127-140. [UNC libraries]

Makri, S., Blandford, A., & Cox, A.L. (2011). This is what I'm doing and why: Methodological reflections on a naturalistic think-aloud study of interactive information behaviour. Information Processing & Management, 47(3), 336-348. [UNC libraries]

Nisbett, R.E., & Wilson, T.D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231-259. [UNC libraries]

Payne, J.W. (1994). Thinking aloud: Insights into information processing. Psychological Science, 5(5), 241-248. [UNC libraries]

Russo, J.E., Johnson, J., & Stephens, D.L. (1989). The validity of verbal protocols. Memory & Cognition, 17(6), 759-769. [UNC libraries]

van den Haak, M.J., de Jong, M.D.T, & Schellens, P.J. (2003). Retrospective versus concurrent think-aloud protocols: Testing the usability of an online library catalogue. Behaviour & Information Technology, 22(5), 339-351. [UNC libraries]

van den Haak, M.J, de Jong, M.D.T. & Schellens, P.J. (2004). Employing think-aloud protocols and constructive interaction to test the usability of online library catalogues: A methodological comparison. Interacting with Computers, 16(6), 1153-1170. [UNC libraries]

van den Haak, M.J., de Jong, M.D.T., & Schellens, P.J. (2009). Evaluating municipal websites: A methodological comparison of three think-aloud variants. Government Information Quarterly, 26(1), 193-202. [UNC libraries]

van Someren, M.W., Barnard, Y., & Sandberg, J. (1994). The Think Aloud Method - A Practical Approach to Modeling Cognitive Processes. London: Academic Press. [SILS - BF444 .S63 1994]

Yang, S.C. (2003). Reconceptualizing think-aloud methodology: Refining the encoding and categorizing techniques via contextualized perspectives. Computers in Human Behavior, 19(1), 95-115. [UNC libraries]

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Direct Observation

Angrosino, M., & Rosenberg, J. (2011). Observation on observation: Continuities and challenges. In Denzin, N.K., & Lincoln, Y.S. (eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research. 4th ed. Los Angeles: Sage, 467-478. [Davis - H62 .H2455 2011]

Bakeman, R. (2010). Reflections on measuring behavior: Time and the grid. In Walford, G., Tucker, E., & Viswanathan, M. (eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Measurement. Los Angeles: Sage, 221-237. [Davis - H61 .S24 2010]

Baker, L.M. (2006). Observation: A complex research method. Library Trends, 55(1), 171-189. [UNC libraries online]

Bernard, H. R. (2000). Direct and indirect observation. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Research Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 375-416. [SILS Reserves – H62 .B439 2000]

Cooper, J., Lewis, R., & Urquhart, C. (2004). Using participant or non-participant observation to explain information behaviour. Information Research, 9(4), paper no. 184. Retrieved November 5, 2007, from http://informationr.net/ir/9-4/paper184.html.

Denscombe, J. (2003). Observation. In The Good Research Guide for Small-Scale Social Research Projects. 2nd ed. Maidenhead: Open University Press, 206-226. [Davis - H61 .D35 2007]

Gray, D.E. (2004). Collecting primary data: Observation. In Doing Research in the Real World. London: Sage Publications, 396-423. [SILS Reserves - H62 .G72 2009]

Hartel, J., & Thomson, L. (2011). Visual approaches and photography for the study of immediate information space. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 62(11), 2214-2224. [UNC libraries]

McCall, G.J. (1984). Systematic field observation. Annual Review of Sociology, 10, 263-282. [UNC libraries]

Patton, M.Q. (2002). Fieldwork strategies and observation methods. In Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods.  3rd Edition.  Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 259-332. [SILS Reserves – H62 .P3218 2002]

Wilkinson, J. (2000). Direct observation. In Breakwell, G.M., Hammond, S., & Fife-Schaw, C. (eds.), Research Methods in Psychology. London: SAGE, 224-238. [SILS Reserves – BF76.5 .R466 2000]

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Participant Observation

Adler, P.A., & Adler, P. (1987). Membership Roles in Field Research. Newbury Park: Sage. [Davis - H62 .A4235 1987; also available as e-book]

Agar, M.H. (1996). The Professional Stranger: An Informal Introduction to Ethnography. 2nd ed.  San Diego: Academic Press. [Davis - GN346 .A42 1996]

Angrosino, M.V., & de Pérez, K.A.M. (2000). Rethinking observation: From method to context. In Denzin, N.K., & Lincoln, Y.S. (eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 673-702. [SILS Reference, Davis - H62 .H2455 2000]

Becker, H.S. (1958). Problems of inference and proof in participant observation. American Sociological Review, 23(6), 652-660. [UNC libraries]

Bernard, H. R. (2000). Participant observation. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Research Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 317-374. [SILS Reserves – H62 .B439 2000]

Beyer, H., & Holtzblatt, K. (1998). The master/apprentice model. In Contextual Design: Defining Customer-Centered Systems. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann, 42-46. [SILS - QA76.9 .S88 B493 1998]

Burgess, R.G. (1984). Methods of field research 1: Participant observation. In the Field: An Introduction to Field Research. London: Unwin Hyman, 78-100. [SILS Reserves - HM48 .B87 1984]

Chatman, E. A. (1984). Field research: Methodological themes. Library & Information Science Research, 6, 425-438. [SILS library journal collection]

Cooper, J., Lewis, R., & Urquhart, C. (2004). Using participant and non-participant observation to explain information behaviour. Information Research, 9(4), paper 184.  Retrieved June 29, 2008, at http://informationr.net/ir/9-4/paper184.html.

Denzin, N.K. (1989). Participant observation: Varieties and strategies of the field method. In The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 156-181. [Davis - HM24 .D44 1989]

DeWalt, K. M., & DeWalt, B.R. (2011). Participant Observation: A Guide for Fieldworkers. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. [Davis - GN346.4 .D48 2011]

Emerson, R.M., Fretz, R.I., & Shaw, L.L. (2001). Participant observation and fieldnotes. In Atkinson, P., Coffey, A., Delamont, S., Lofland, J., & Lofland, L. (eds.), Handbook of Ethnography. London: Sage Publications, 352-368. [Davis - GN345 .H365 2001]

Fife, W. (2005). Participant-observation as a research method. In Doing Fieldwork: Ethnographic Methods for Research in Developing Countries and Beyond. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 71-92. [SILS Reserves- GN346 .F537 2005]

Gherardi, S. (2012). How to Conduct a Practice-Based Study: Problems and Methods. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. [SILS - HD30.4 .G494 2012]

Gold, R.L. (1958). Roles in sociological field observations. Social Forces, 36(3), 217-223. [UNC libraries]

Grover, R., & Glazier, J.D. (1992). Structured participant observation. In Glazier, J.D., & Powell, R.R. (eds.), Qualitative Research in Information Management.  Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, 105-121. [SILS - Z669.7 .Q35 1992]

Jacob, E. (1987). Qualitative research traditions: a review. Review of Educational Research, 57(1), 1-50. [UNC libraries]

Jorgensen, D. L. (1989). Participant Observation: A Methodology for Human Studies. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. [Davis - H62 .J625 1989; also available as an e-book]

Lincoln, Y.S., & Guba, E.G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Beverly Hills: Sage. [Park Library, SILS Reserve - B828.2 .L56 1985]

Lofland, J. (2006). Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis. 3rd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. [Davis - HM48 .L63 2006]

Newhouse, R.C. (1989). Librarian-researchers: perspectives on a methodology. Library Quarterly, 59(1), 22-26. [UNC libraries]

Punch, K.F. (2014). Observation [and] Participant observation. In Introduction to Social Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 153-158. [SILS Reserves - H62 .P93 2014]

Spradley, J.P. (1980). Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. [Davis - GN346.4 .S68 1980]

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Research Diaries

Allport, G.W. (1942). The Use of Personal Documents in Psychological Science. New York: Social Science Research Council. [Davis - BF38 .A4; also available online via HathiTrust]

Bolger, N., Davis, A., & Rafaeli, E. (2003). Diary methods: Capturing life as it is lived. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 579-616. [UNC libraries]

Breakwell, G.M., & Wood, P. (2000). Diary techniques. In Breakwell, G.M., Hammond, S., & Fife-Schaw, C. (eds.), Research Methods in Psychology. London: SAGE, 294-302. [SILS Reserves – BF76.5 .R466 2000]

Carter, S., & Mankoff, J. (2005). When participants do the capturing: The role of media in diary studies. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Portland, OR), 899-908. [UNC libraries]

Corti, L. (1993). Using diaries in social research. Social Research Update, (2). Retrieved on October 10, 2007, from http://sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk/SRU2.html.

Elliott, H. (1997). The use of diaries in sociological research on health experience. Sociological Research Online, 2(2). Retrieved on October 10, 2007, from http://www.socresonline.org.uk/2/2/7.html.

Hyldegård, J. (2006). Using diaries in group based information behavior research - A methodological study. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Information Interaction in Context (IIiX), 153-161. [UNC libraries]

Serfaty, V. (2004). Online diaries: Towards a structural approach. Journal of American Studies, 38(3), 457-471. [UNC libraries]

Symon, G. (2004). Qualitative research diaries. In Cassell, C., & Symon, G. (eds.), Essential Guide to Qualitative Methods in Organizational Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 98-113. [Davis - HM786 .E87 2004]

Toms, E.G., & Duff, W. (2002). “I spent 1 ½ hours sifting through one large box…”: Diaries as information behavior of the archives user: Lessons learned. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 53(14), 1232-1238. [UNC libraries]

Wheeler, L., & Reis, H.T. (1991). Self-recording of everyday life events: Origins, types, and uses. Journal of Personality, 59(3), 339-354. [UNC libraries]

Zimmerman, D.H., & Wieder, D.L. (1977). The diary: Diary-interview method. Urban Life, 5(4), 479-499. [UNC libraries]

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Unstructured Interviews

Arksey, H., & Knight, P. (1999). Interviewing for Social Scientists: An Introductory Resource with Examples. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. [Davis - HM526 .A75 1999; also available as an e-book]

Briggs, C. (2000). Interview. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 9(1-2), 137-140. [UNC libraries]

Burgess, R.G. (1984). Methods of field research 2: Interviews as conversations. In the Field: An Introduction to Field Research. London: Unwin Hyman, 101-122. [SILS Reserves - HM48 .B87 1984]

Caldwell, K. (2014). Dyadic interviewing: A technique valuing interdependence in interviews with individuals with intellectual disabilities. Qualitative Research, 14(4), 488-507. [UNC libraries]

David, M., & Sutton, C.D. (2004). Qualitative interviewing. In Social Research: The Basics. London: Sage, 87-91. [SILS Reserves - H62 .D38 2004]

Denzin, N.K. (1989). The sociological interview. In The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 102-120. [Davis - HM24 .D44 1989]

Fife, W. (2005). Interviewing. In Doing Fieldwork: Ethnographic Methods for Research in Developing Countries and Beyond. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 93-106. [SILS Reserves- GN346 .F537 2005]

Minichiello, V., Aroni, R., Timewell, E., & Alexander, L. (1990).  In-depth Interviewing: Researching people. Hong Kong: Longman Cheshire Pty Limited. [Davis - BF637.I5 M56 1990]

Schultze, U. (2000). A confessional account of an ethnography about knowledge work. MIS Quarterly, 24(1), 3-41. [UNC libraries]

Schultze, U., & Avital, M. (2011). Designing interviews to generate rich data for information systems research. Information and Organization, 21(1), 1-16. [UNC libraries]

Seidman, I. (2013). Interviewing as Qualitative Research: A Guide for Researchers in Education and the Social Sciences. 4th ed. New York: Teachers College Press. [SILS Reserve - H61.28 .S45 2013]

Spradley, J.P. (1979). The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. [Davis - GN346.3 .S66]

Whyte, W.F. (1960). Interviewing in field research. In Adamsn, R.N., & Preiss, J.J. (eds.), Human Organization Research. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press, 352-374. [Davis - H62 .A42]

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Semi-structured Interviews

Bernard, H. R. (2000). Interviewing: Unstructured and semistructured. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Research Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 189-226. [SILS Reserves – H62 .B439 2000]

Breakwell, G.M. (2000). Interviewing. In Breakwell, G.M., Hammond, S., & Fife-Schaw, C. (eds.), Research Methods in Psychology. London: SAGE, 239-250. [SILS Reserves – BF76.5 .R466 2000]

Cannell, C.F., & Kahn, R.L. (1968). Interviewing. In Lindzey, G., & Aronson, E. (eds.), The Handbook of Social Psychology, Volume 2. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 526-595. [Davis - HM251 .H224 1968 v.2]

Gray, D.E. (2004). Collecting primary data: Interviewing. In Doing Research in the Real World. London: Sage Publications, 369-395. [SILS Reserves - H62 .G72 2009]

Kazmer, M.M., & Xie, B. (2008). Qualitative interviewing in Internet studies: Playing with the media, playing with the method. Information, Communication & Society, 11(2), 257-278. [UNC libraries]

Kvale, S. (1996). Interviews: An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. [Davos - HM48 .K9 1996]

Meho, L.I. (2006). E-mail interviewing in qualitative research: A methodological discussion. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 57(10), 1284-1295. [UNC libraries]

Millar, R., Crute, V., & Hargie, O. (1992). Professional Interviewing. London: Routledge. [Davis - BF637.I5 M55 1992]

Patton, M.Q. (2002). Qualitative interviewing. In Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods.  3rd Edition.  Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 339-428. [SILS Reserves – H62 .P3218 2002]

Punch, K.F. (2014). The interview. In Introduction to Social Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 144-153. [SILS Reserves - H62 .P93 2014]

Robson, C. (2011). Interviews. In Real World Research: A Resource for Users of Social Research Methods in Applied Settings. 3rd ed. Chichester, UK: Wiley, 278-293. [SILS, Davis - H62 .R627 2002]

Roulston, K. (2014). Interactional problems in research interviews. Qualitative Research, 14(3), 277-293. [UNC libraries]

Rubin, H.J., & Rubin, I.S. (2005). Qualitative Interviewing: The Art of Hearing Data. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, Chapters 1-9. [SILS Reserves – H62 .R737 2005]

Schultze, U., & Avital, M. (2011). Designing interviews to generate rich data for information systems research. Information and Organization, 21(1), 1-16. [UNC libraries]

Silverman, D. (2000). Analyzing talk and text. In Denzin, N.K., & Lincoln, Y.S. (eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 821-834. [Davis, SILS Reference - H62 .H2455 2000]

Walling, J. (2009). The challenges of in-depth interviewing with disadvantaged respondents. In Hargittai, E. (ed.), Research Confidential: Solutions to Problems Most Social Scientists Pretend They Never Have. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 78-100. [Davis - H62 .R4472 2009]

Warren, C.A.B. (2001). Qualitative interviewing. In Gubrium, J.F., & Holstein, J.A. (eds), Handbook of Interview Research: Context & Method. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 83-102. [Davis, SILS Reference - H61.28 .H36 2002]

Particular approaches to semi-structured interviews

Dervin, B., & Frenette, M. (2001). Sense-making methodology: Communicating communicatively with campaign audiences. In Rice, R.E., & Atkin, C.K. (eds.), Public Communication Campaigns. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. [Davis - HM1226 .P83 2001]

Flanagan, J.C. (1954). The critical incident technique. Psychological Bulletin, 51(4), 327-358. [UNC libraries]

Oakley, A. (1981). Interviewing women: A contradiction in terms. In Roberts, H. (ed.), Doing Feminist Research. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 30-61. [Davis - HQ1180 .D64 1981]

Schamber, L. (2000). Time-line interviews and inductive content analysis: Their effectiveness for exploring cognitive behaviors. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 51(8), 734-744. [UNC libraries]

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Focus Groups

Agar, M., & MacDonald, J. (1995). Focus groups and ethnography. Human Organization, 54(1), 78-86. [UNC libraries online]

Bertrand, J.T., Brown, J.E., & Ward, V.M. (1992). Techniques for analyzing focus group data. Evaluation Review, 16(2), 198-209. [UNC libraries]

David, M., & Sutton, C.D. (2004). Focus group interviewing. In Social Research: The Basics. London: Sage, 92-100. [SILS Reserves - H62 .D38 2004]

Gaiser, T.J. (1997). Conducting on-line focus groups: A methodological discussion. Social Science Computer Review, 15(2), 135-144. [UNC libraries]

Glitz, B. (1998). Focus Groups for Libraries and Librarians. New York: Forbes Custom Publications. [SILS - Z678.88 .G55 1998; Health Sciences Library - Z 678.88 G561f 1998]

Goebert, B., & Rosenthal, G. (2002). Beyond Listening: Learning the Secret Language of Focus Groups. New York: John Wiley and Sons. [Davis - HF5415.32 .G64 2002]

Greenbaum, T.L. (1998). The Handbook for Focus Group Research. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. [Davis - HF5415.2 .G695 1998]

Kidd, P.S., & Parshall, M.B. (2000). Getting the focus and the group: Enhancing analytical rigor in focus group research. Qualitative Health Research, 10(3), 293-308. [UNC libraries]

Kitzinger, J., & Barbour, R.S. (1999). Introduction: The challenge and promis of focus groups. In Barbour, R.S., & Kitzinger, J. (eds.), Developing Focus Group Research: Politics, Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1-20. [Davis - H61.28 .D48 1999]

Knodel, J. (1993). The design and analysis of focus group studies: A practical approach. In Morgan, D.L. (ed.), Successful Focus Groups: Advancing the State of the Art. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 35-50. [Davis - H61.28 .S83 1993; also available as an e-book]

Krueger, R.A., & Casey, M.A. (2009). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. 4th ed. Los Angeles: Sage. [Davis - H61.28 .K78 2009]

Langer, J. (2001).  The Mirrored Window: Focus Groups from a Moderator’s Point of View. New York: Roper Starch Worldwide. [SILS, Davis - H61.28 .L36 2001]

Millward, L.J. (2000). Focus groups. In Breakwell, G.M., Hammond, S., & Fife-Schaw, C. (eds.), Research Methods in Psychology. London: SAGE, 303-324. [SILS Reserves – BF76.5 .R466 2000]

Morgan, D. (1996). Focus groups. Annual Review of Sociology, 22, 129-152. [UNC libraries]

Morgan, D.L. (1997). Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. [Davis - H61.28 .M67 1997]

Powell, R.A., & Single, H.M. (1996). Methodology matters – V: Focus groups. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 8(5), 499-504. [UNC libraries]

Reed, J., & Payton, V.R. (1997). Focus groups: Issues of analysis and interpretation. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 26(4), 765-771. [UNC libraries]

Robson, C. (2011). Focus groups. In Real World Research: A Resource for Users of Social Research Methods in Applied Settings. 3rd ed. Chichester, UK: Wiley, 293-301. [SILS, Davis - H62 .R627 2002]

Schneider, S.J., Kerwin, J., Frechtling, J., & Vivari, B.A. (2002). Characteristics of the discussion in online and face-to-face focus groups. Social Science Computer Review, 20(1), 31-42. [UNC libraries]

Shoaf, E.C. (2003). Using a professional moderator in library focus group research. College & Research Libraries, 64(2), 124-132. [Online]

Underhill, C., & Olmsted, M.G. (2003). An experimental comparison of computer-mediated and face-to-face focus groups. Social Science Computer Review, 21(4), 506-512. [UNC libraries]

Widdows, R., Hensler, T.A., & Wyncott, M.H. (1991). The focus group interview: A method for assessing users’ evaluation of library service. College & Research Libraries, 52(4), 352-359. [Online]

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Survey Research

Alreck, P.L., & Settle, R.B. (2004). The Survey Research Handbook. 3rd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. [Davis - HN29 .A46 2004]

Babbie, E. (1990). Survey Research Methods. 2nd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. [Davis, Library Service Ctr - H62 .B23 1990]

Babbie, E. (2013). Survey research. In The Practice of Social Research. 13th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth CENGAGE Learning, 252-293. [SILS Reserves – H62 .B23 2013]

Connaway, L.S., & Powell, R.R. (2010). Survey research. In Basic Research Methods for Librarians. 5th ed. Santa Barbara, CA: Libraries Unlimited, 107-115. [SILS Reserves – Z669.7 .P68 2010]

Czaja, R., & Blair, J. (2005). Designing Surveys: A Guide to Decisions and Procedures. Thousand Oaks, Calif. : Pine Forge Press. [Davis - HA31.2 .C93 2005]

Dane, F.C. (1990). Survey research. In Research Methods. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co., 119-145. [SILS Reserves - H62 .D225 1990]

David, M., & Sutton, C.D. (2004). Survey design. In Social Research: The Basics. London: Sage, 159-174. [SILS Reserves - H62 .D38 2004]

de Bruijne, M., & Wijnant, A. (2013). Comparing survey results obtained via mobile devices and computers: An experiment with a mobile Web survey on a heterogeneous group of mobile devices versus a computer-assisted Web survey. Social Science Computer Review, 31(4), 482-504. [UNC libraries]

Diaz de Rara, V., & Dominguiez-Alvarez, J.A. (2014). Response quality of self-administered questionnaires: A comparison between paper and Web questionnaires. Social Science Computer Review, 32(2), 256-269. [UNC libraries]

Dillman, D.A. (2007). Mail and Internet Surveys: The Tailored Design Method. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley. [SILS, Davis - HN29 .D541 2007]

Dykema, J., Stevenson, J., Klein, L., Kim, Y., & Day, B. (2013). Effects of e-mailed versus mailed invitations and incentives on response rates, data quality, and costs in a Web survey of university faculty. Social Science Computer Review, 31(3), 359-370. [UNC libraries]

Fife-Schaw, C. (2000). Questionnaire design. In Breakwell, G.M., Hammond, S., & Fife-Schaw, C. (eds.), Research Methods in Psychology. London: SAGE, 158-174. [SILS Reserves – BF76.5 .R466 2000]

Fink, A. (2009). How to Conduct Surveys: A Step-By-Step Guide. 4th ed. Los Angeles, CA: Sage. [Davis - HN29 .F53 2009]

Fowler, F.J. (2009). Survey Research Methods. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. [Davis - HN29 .F68 2009; also available as an e-book]

Gray, D.E. (2004). Designing descriptive and analytical surveys. In Doing Research in the Real World. London: Sage Publications, 218-245. [SILS Reserves - H62 .G72 2009]

McTavish, D.G., & Loether, H.J. (2002). Survey research. In Social Research: An Evolving Process. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 151-180. [SILS Reserves - H62 .M337 2002]

Mitchell, M., & Jollie, J. (2004). Survey research. In Research Design Explained. Thomson/Wadsworth, 179-215. [SILS Reserves- BF76.5 .M57 2004]

Nardi, P.M. (2006). Doing Survey Research: A Guide to Quantitative Methods. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. [Davis - HN29 .N25 2006]

Neuman, W.L. (2006). Survey research. In Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. 6th ed. Boston: Pearson, 272-319. [SILS Reserves - HM571 .N48 2006]

Patten, M.L. (2011). Questionnaire Research: A Practical Guide. 3rd ed. Glendale, CA: Pyrcak Publishing. [Health Sciences Library - Q 180.55 .M4 P316q 2011]

Peterson, R.A. (2000). Constructing Effective Questionnaires. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. [Davis - HN29 .P45 2000]

Punch, K.F. (2003). Survey Research: The Basics. London: Sage. [DAvis - H62 .P85 2003; also available as an e-book]

Rea, L.M., & Parker, R.A. (2005). Designing and Conducting Survey Research: A Comprehensive Guide. San Francisco : Jossey-Bass Publishers. [Undergrad Reserves, Davis - HA31.2 .R43 2005]

Robson, C. (2011). Surveys and questionnaires. In Real World Research: A Resource for Users of Social Research Methods in Applied Settings. 3rd ed. Chichester, UK: Wiley, 235-277. [SILS, Davis - H62 .R627 2002]

Sue, V.M., & Ritter, L.A. (2007). Conducting Online Surveys. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. [Davis - HM538 .S84 2007; also available as an e-book]

Walejko, G. (2009). Online survey: Instant publication, instant mistake, all of the above. In Hargittai, E. (ed.), Research Confidential: Solutions to Problems Most Social Scientists Pretend They Never Have. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 101-121. [Davis - H62 .R4472 2009]

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Measuring Cognitive and Affective Variables

Albaum, G. (1997). The Likert scale revisited: an alternate version. Journal of the Market Research Society, 39(2), 331-348. [UNC libraries, online]

Babbie, E. (2013). Conceptualization, operationalization, and measurement. In The Practice of Social Research. 13th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth CENGAGE Learning, 123-156. [SILS Reserves – H62 .B23 2013]

Bernard, H. R. (2000). Scales and scaling. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Research Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 285-316. [SILS Reserves – H62 .B439 2000]

Campbell, D.T., & Fiske, D.W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56(2), 81-105. [UNC libraries]

Cronbach, L.J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334. [UNC libraries]

Dane, F.C. (1990). Measurement [and] Scaling. In Research Methods. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co., 247-287. [SILS Reserves - H62 .D225 1990]

Glicken, M.D. (2003). Using instruments to measure behavior [and] Examples of research instruments. In Social Research: A Simple Guide. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 88-128. [Davis - HM571 .G57 2003]

Hammond, S. (2000). Using psychometric tests. In Breakwell, G.M., Hammond, S., & Fife-Schaw, C. (eds.), Research Methods in Psychology. London: SAGE, 175-193. [SILS Reserves – BF76.5 .R466 2000]

Janda, L. H. (1998). Psychological Testing: Theory and Applications. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. [Davis - BF176 .J35 1998]

Kim, J. & Mueller, C.W. (1978). Introduction to Factor Analysis: What It Is and How To Do It. Beverly Hills, CA.: Sage. [SILS, Davis - HA29 .K574; Health Sciences Library - H 61 S129 no.13 1978]

Kim, Y.-M. (2009). Validation of psychometric research instruments: The case of information science. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 60(6), 1178-1191. [UNC libraries]

Kumar, R. (2005). Collecting data using attitudinal scales [and] Establishing the reliability and validity of a research instrument. In Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners. 2nd ed. London: SAGE, 143-160. [SILS Reserves - Q180.55.M4 K86 2005]

Likert, R. (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology, 22(140), 44-53. [Library Service Center - BF21 .A7 v.22 no.140]

McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test Theory: A Unified Treatment. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. [Davis - BF39 .M175 1999; also available as an e-book]

McTavish, D.G., & Loether, H.J. (2002). Finding and developing measures. In Social Research: An Evolving Process. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 43-79. [SILS Reserves - H62 .M337 2002]

Mitchell, M., & Jollie, J. (2004). Measuring and manipulating variables: Reliability and validity. In Research Design Explained. Thomson/Wadsworth, 84-121. [SILS Reserves- BF76.5 .M57 2004]

Nunnally, J.C. (1994). Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill. [Davis - BF39 .N8 1994]

Osgood, C.E., Suci, G.J., & Tannenbaum, P.H. (1957). The Measurement of Meaning. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. [Davis, Undergrad - B840 .O7]

Patten, M.L. (2002). Measurement. In Understanding Research Methods: An Overview of the Essentials. Los Angeles: Pyrczak Publishing, 51-76. [SILS Reserve - Q180.55 .M4 P38 2002]

Pedhazur, E. J., & Schmelkin, L. P. (1991). Reliability [and] Selected appropaches to measurement in sociobehavioral research. In Measurement, Design, and Analysis: An Integrated Approach. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 81-144. [SILS Reserves - H62 .P325 1991]

Punch, K.F. (2014). Collecting quantitative data. In Introduction to Social Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 227-250. [SILS Reserves - H62 .P93 2014]

Robson, C. (2011). Tests and scales. In Real World Research: A Resource for Users of Social Research Methods in Applied Settings. 3rd ed. Chichester, UK: Wiley, 302-314. [SILS, Davis - H62 .R627 2002]

Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R.L. (2008). Reliability and validity of measurements. In Essentials of Behavioral Research: Methods and Data Analysis. 3rd ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 87-122. [SILS Reserves - BF76.5 .R629 2008]

Rust, J., & Golombok, S. (2009). Modern Psychometrics: The Science of Psychological Assessment. 3rd ed. London: Routledge. [Davis - BF39 .R85 2009]

Sethi, V., & King, W.R. (1991). Construct measurement in information systems research: An illustration in strategic systems. Decision Sciences, 22(3), 455-472. [UNC libraries]

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DATA ANALYSIS

Content Analysis

Allen, B., & Reser, D. (1990). Content analysis in library and information science research. c, 12, 251-262. [SILS Library Journals]

Banerjee, M. (1999). Beyond kappa: A review of interrater agreement measures. Canadian Journal of Statistics, 27(1), 3-23. [UNC libraries]

Berelson, B. (1954). Content analysis. In Lindzey, G. (ed.), Handbook of Social Psychology, Volume 1. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 488-522. [SILS, Davis - HM251 .H224 1954 v.1]

Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational & Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 37-46. [UNC libraries]

Conway, M. (2006). The subjective precision of computers: A methodological comparison with human coding in content analysis. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 83(1), 186-200. [UNC libraries]

Holsti, O.R. (1969). Content Analysis for the Social Sciences and Humanities. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. [SILS, Davis, Park Library - P93 .H65]

Krippendorff, K. (2013). Content Analysis: An Introduction to its Methodology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. [Davis - P93 .K74 2013]

Lombard, M., Snyder-Duch, J., & Bracken, C.C. (2002). Content analysis in mass communication: Assessment and reporting of intercoder reliability. Human Communication Research, 28(4), 587-604. [UNC libraries]

Lombard, M., Snyder-Duch, J., & Bracken, C.C. (2004). Practical resources for assessing and reporting intercoder reliability in content analysis research projects. Retrieved July 13, 2014, from http://ils.indiana.edu/faculty/hrosenba/www/Research/methods/lombard_reliability.pdf.

McMillan, S.J. (2000). The microscope and the moving target: The challenge of applying content analysis to the World Wide Web. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 77(1), 80-98. [UNC libraries]

Neuendorf, K.A. (2002). The Content Analysis Guidebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. [DAvis, Park Library - HM529 .N47 2002]

Popping, R. (1988). On agreement indices for nominal data. In Saris, W.E., & Gallhofer, I.N. (eds.), Sociometric Research, Volume 1, Data Collection and Scaling. London: MacMillan, 90-115. [Library Service Center - HM253 .S632 1988 v.1]

Potter, W.J., & Levine-Donnerstein, D. (1999). Rethinking validity and reliability in content analysis. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 27(3), 258-284. [UNC libraries]

Riffe, D., Lacy, S., & Fico, F.G. (2014). Analyzing Media Messages: Using Quantitative Content Analysis in Research. 3rd ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. [Davis - P93 .R54 2014]

Shapiro, G. (1997). The future of coders: Human judgments in a world of sophisticated software. In Roberts, C.W. (ed.), Text Analysis for the Social Sciences: Methods for Drawing Statistical Inferences from Texts and Transcripts. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 225-238. [SILS, Davis, Park Library - H61 .T456 1997]

Shapiro, G., & Markoff, J. (1997). A matter of definition. In Roberts, C.W. (ed.), Text Analysis for the Social Sciences: Methods for Drawing Statistical Inferences from Texts and Transcripts. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 9-34. [SILS, Davis, Park Library - H61 .T456 1997]

Weare, C., & Lin, W.Y. (2000). Content analysis of the World Wide Web: Opportunities and challenges. Social Science Computer Review, 18(3), 272-292. [UNC libraries]

Weber, R.P. (1990). Basic Content Analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. [Davis, Science Library Annex - H61 .W422 1990]

White, M.D., & Marsh, E.E. (2006). Content analysis: A flexible methodology. Library Trends, 55(1), 22-45. [UNC libraries]

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Qualitative Analysis of Content

Allen, B., & Reser, D. (1990). Content analysis in library and information science research. c, 12, 251-262. [SILS Library Journals]

Altheide, D.L., & Johnson, J.M. (2011). Reflections on interpretive adequacy in qualitative research. In Denzin, N.K., & Lincoln, Y.S. (eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research. 4th ed. Los Angeles: Sage, 581-594. [Davis - H62 .H2455 2011]

Babbie, E. (2013). Qualitative data analysis. In The Practice of Social Research. 13th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth CENGAGE Learning, 389-412. [SILS Reserves – H62 .B23 2013]

Bernard, H. R. (2000). Qualitative data analysis I: Text analysis. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Research Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 437-472. [SILS Reserves – H62 .B439 2000]

Bradley, J. (1993). Methodological issues and practices in qualitative research. Library Quarterly, 63(4), 431-449. [UNC libraries]

Burgess, R.G. (1984). Recording and analysing field data. In the Field: An Introduction to Field Research. London: Unwin Hyman, 166-184. [SILS Reserves - HM48 .B87 1984]

Campbell, J.L., Quincy, C., Osserman, J., & Pedersen, O.K. (2013). Coding in-depth semistructured interviews: Problems of unitization and intercoder reliability and agreement. Sociological Methods & Research, 42(3), 294-320. [UNC libraries]

Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Strategies for qualitative data analysis [and] Analyzing data for concepts. In Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 65-86, 159-194. [SILS Reserves - HA29 .S823 2008]

David, M., & Sutton, C.D. (2004). Coding qualitative data (qualitative content analysis). In Social Research: The Basics. London: Sage, 203-212. [SILS Reserves - H62 .D38 2004]

Denzin, N.K. (1989). Thick description. In Interpretive Interactionism. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 98-118. [Davis - HM511 .D45 2001; also available as an e-book]

Ely, M. (1991). Interpreting. In Doing Qualitative Research: Circles within Circles. London: Falmer Press, 139-178. [Davis - GN345 .E48 1991]

Gray, D.E. (2004). Analysing and presenting qualitative data. In Doing Research in the Real World. London: Sage Publications, 493-522. [SILS Reserves - H62 .G72 2009]

Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S.E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277-1288. [UNC libraries]

Mayring, P. (2000). Qualitative content analysis. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 1(2). Retrieved July 28, 2008, from http://217.160.35.246/fqs-texte/2-00/2-00mayring-e.pdf.

Miles, M., Huberman, A.M., & Saldana, J.(1994). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. [Davis Folio - H62 .M437 2014]

Neuman, W.L. (2006). Analysis of qualitative data. In Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. 6th ed. Boston: Pearson, 457-488. [SILS Reserves - HM571 .N48 2006]

Patton, M.Q. (2002). Qualitative analysis and interpretation. In Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods.  3rd Edition.  Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 431-535. [SILS Reserves – H62 .P3218 2002]

Peräkylä, A., & Ruusuvuori, J. (2011). Analyzing talk and text. In Denzin, N.K., & Lincoln, Y.S. (eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research. 4th ed. Los Angeles: Sage, 529-543. [Davis - H62 .H2455 2011]

Punch, K.F. (2014). Analysing qualitative data. In Introduction to Social Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 167-201. [SILS Reserves - H62 .P93 2014]

Robson, C. (2011). The analysis and interpretation of qualitative data. In Real World Research: A Resource for Users of Social Research Methods in Applied Settings. 3rd ed. Chichester, UK: Wiley, 465-494. [SILS, Davis - H62 .R627 2002]

Rubin, H.J., & Rubin, I.S. (2005). The first phase of analysis: Preparing transcripts and coding data [and] Analysing coded data. In Qualitative Interviewing: The Art of Hearing Data. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 201-245. [SILS Reserves – H62 .R737 2005]

Schilling, J. (2006). On the pragmatics of qualitative assessment: Designing the process for content analysis. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 22(1), 28-37. [UNC libraries]

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Discourse Analysis

Budd, J.M. (2006). Discourse analysis and the study of communication in LIS. Library Trends, 55(1), 65-82. [UNC libraries]

Budd, J.M., & Raber, D. (1996). Discourse analysis: Method and application in the study of information.  Information Processing & Management, 32(2), 217-226. [UNC libraries]

Coyle, A. (2000). Discourse analysis. In Breakwell, G.M., Hammond, S., & Fife-Schaw, C. (eds.), Research Methods in Psychology. London: SAGE, 251-268. [SILS Reserves – BF76.5 .R466 2000]

Frohmann, B. (1994). Discourse analysis as a research method in library and information science.  Library & Information Science Research, 16(2), 119-138. [UNC libraries]

Hammersley, M.  (2003). Conversation analysis and discourse analysis: Methods or paradigms?  Discourse & Society, 14(6), 751-781. [UNC libraries]

Johnstone, B. (2008). Discourse Analysis. Malden, MA: Blackwell. [Davis - P302 .J64 2008]

Parker, I. (1992).  Discourse Dynamics: Critical Analysis for Social and Individual Psychology.  London: Routledge. [Davis - P302.8 .P37 1992]

Potter, J., & Wetherell, M. (1987).  Discourse and Social Psychology: Beyond Attitudes and Behaviour.  London: Sage Publications. [Davis - P302 .P67 1987]

Talja, S. (1999).  Analyzing qualitative interview data: The discourse analytic method.  Library & Information Science Research, 21(4), 459-477. [UNC libraries]

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Analytic Induction

Goldenberg, S. (1993) Analytic induction revisited. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 18(2), 161-176. [UNC libraries]

Katz, J. (2001). Analytic induction. In Smelser, N.J., & Baltes, P.B. (eds.), International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. New York: Elsevier, 480-484. [Davis - H41 .I58 2001 v.1]

Lindesmith, A. (1952). Two comments on W. S. Robinson’s “The logical structure of analytic induction”. American Sociological Review, 17(4), 492-493. [UNC libraries]

Manning, P.K. (1982). Analytic induction. In Smith, R.B., & Manning, P.K. (eds.), A Handbook of Social Science Methods, Volume 2. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing Company, 273-302. [Davis - H62 .H2457 1982 v.2]

Miller, S.I. (1982). Quality and quantity: Another view of analytic induction as a research technique. Quality and Quantity, 16(4), 281-295. [UNC libraries]

Robinson, W.S. (1951). The logical structure of analytic induction. American Sociological Review, 16(6), 812-818. [UNC libraries]

Robinson, W.S. (1952). Rejoinder to the logical structure of analytic induction. American Sociological Review, 17, 492-494. [UNC libraries]

Williams, M. (2000). Interpretivism and generalization. Sociology, 34(2), 209-224. [UNC libraries]

Znaniecki, F.  (1934). Analytic induction. In Znaniecki, F., On Humanistic Sociology: Selected Papers. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 125-132. [Davis - HM51 .Z53]

Znzniecki, F. (1968). Analytic induction in sociology. In The Method of Sociology. New York: Octagon Books, 249-331. [Davis - HM24 .Z6 1968; Library Service Center - HM24 .Z6]

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Analyzing Sequences of Events

Abbott, A. (1990). A primer on sequence methods. Organization Science, 1(4), 375-392. [UNC libraries]

Abbott, A. (1995). Sequence analysis: New methods for old ideas. Annual Review of Sociology, 21, 93-113. [UNC libraries]

Abbott, A., & Tsay, A. (2000). Sequence analysis and optimal matching methods in sociology - Review and prospect. Sociological Methods & Research, 29(1), 3-33. [UNC libraries]

Bernard, H. R. (2000). Bivariate analysis: Testing relations. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Research Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 545-612. [SILS Reserves – H62 .B439 2000]

Cooke, N.J., Neville, K.J., & Rowe, A.L. (1996). Procedural network representations of sequential data. Human-Computer Interaction, 11(1), 29-68. [UNC libraries]

Dijkstra, W., & Taris, T. (1995). Measuring the agreement between sequences. Sociological Methods & Research, 24(2), 214-231. [UNC libraries]

Elzinga, C.H. (2003). Sequence similarity: A nonaligning technique. Sociological Methods & Research, 32(1), 3-29. [UNC libraries]

Forrest, J., & Abbott, A. (1990). The optimal matching method for studying anthropological sequence data: An introduction and reliability analysis. Journal of Quantitative Anthropology, 2(2), 151-170. [Davis - GN33.J65]

Gottman, J.M., & Roy, A.K. (1990). Sequential Analysis: A Guide for Behavioral Researchers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Davis, Science Library Annex - HM251 .G695 1990]

Kruskal, J.B. (1983). An overview of sequence comparison. In Sankoff, D., & Kruskal, J.B. (eds.), Time Warps, String Edits, and Macromolecules: The Theory and Practice of Sequence Comparison. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1-44. [Science Library Annex - QA292 .T55 1983]

Pao, Miranda Lee; McCreery, Laurie. (1986). Bibliometric application of Markov chains. Information Processing & Management, 22(1), 1986, 7-17. [UNC libraries]

Plaisant, C., Shneiderman, B., & Mushlin, R. (1998). An information architecture to support the visualization of personal histories. Information Processing & Management, 34(5), 581-597. [UNC libraries]

Sanderson, P.M., & Fisher, C. (1994). Exploratory sequential data analysis: Foundations. Human-Computer Interaction, 9(3/4), 251-317. [UNC libraries]

Schvaneveldt, R.W. (1990). Pathfinder Associative Networks: Studies in Knowledge Organization. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. [SILS - QA76.76 .E95 P28 1990]

Siochi, A.C., & Ehrich, R.W. (1991). Computer analysis of user interfaces based on repetition in transcripts of user sessions. ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 9(4), 309-335. [UNC libraries]

van Hooff, J.A.R.A.M. (1982). Categories and sequences of behavior: Methods of description and analysis. In Scherer, K.R., & Ekman, P. (eds.), Handbook of Methods in Nonverbal Behavior Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 362-439. [Davis - BF637 .C45 H29 1982]

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Descriptive Statistics

Bernard, H. R. (2000). Univariate analysis. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Research Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 501-544. [SILS Reserves – H62 .B439 2000]

David, M., & Sutton, C.D. (2004). Describing single variables. In Social Research: The Basics. London: Sage, 269-291. [SILS Reserves - H62 .D38 2004]

Gray, D.E. (2004). Presenting [and] analysing data using descriptive statistics. In Doing Research in the Real World. London: Sage Publications, 458-465. [SILS Reserves - H62 .G72 2009]

Hays, W.L. (1981). Statistics. 3rd ed. Fort Worth, TX: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Chapter 4. [Davis - HA29 .H352 1981]

Healey, J.F. (2007). The Essentials of Statistics: A Tool for Social Research. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. [SILS - HA29 .H39 2007]

Howell, D.C. (2008). Measures of central tendency [and] Measures of variability. In Fundamental Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. 6th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth, 60-102. [SILS Reserves - HA29 .H78 2008]

Loether, H.J., & McTavish, D.G. (1993). Summary measures of the location, variation, and form of univariate distributions. In Descriptive and Inferential Statistics: An Introduction. Boston : Allyn and Bacon, 117-160. [SILS Reserves – HN25 .L62 1993]

Phillips, J.L. (2000). How to Think about Statistics. 6th ed. New York: W.H. Freeman. [SILS - HA29 .P517 1999]

Punch, K.F. (2014). Summarising quantitative data. In Introduction to Social Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 253-255. [SILS Reserves - H62 .P93 2014]

Robson, C. (2011). Exploring the data set. In Real World Research: A Resource for Users of Social Research Methods in Applied Settings. 3rd ed. Chichester, UK: Wiley, 421-430. [SILS, Davis - H62 .R627 2002]

Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R.L. (2008). Describing, displaying, and exploring data. In Essentials of Behavioral Research: Methods and Data Analysis. 3rd ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 293-313. [SILS Reserves - BF76.5 .R629 2008]

Rubin, A. (2007). Statistics for Evidence-Based Practice and Evaluation. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole. [SILS - RA409 .R82 2007]

Spirer, H.F., Spirer, L., & Jaffe, A.J. (1998). Misused Statistics. 2nd ed. New York: M. Dekker. [Science Library Annex - HA29 .S65574 1998]

Vaughan, L. (2001). Summarizing messy data into neat figures -- Descriptive statistics. In Statistical Methods for the Information Professional. Medford, NJ: Information Today, 25-44. [SILS Reserves – HF1017 .V38 2001]

Weaver, D.H. (1989). Basic statistical tools. In Stempel, G.H., III, & Westley, B.H. (eds.), Research Methods in Mass Communication, 49-89. [Davis, Park Library - P91 .R43 1989]

Wilson, J.H. (2005). Measures of central tendency [and] Measures of variability. In Essential Statistics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 26-69. [SILS Reserves – HA29 .W5154 2005]

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Frequencies, Cross-tabulation, and Chi-square Statistic

Byrne, G. (2007). A statistical primer: Understanding descriptive and inferential statistics. Evidence Based Library and Information Practice, 2(1), 32-47. [http://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/EBLIP/article/view/168]

David, M., & Sutton, C.D. (2004). Contingency tables: Analysing relationships between categorical variables. In Social Research: The Basics. London: Sage, 295-300. [SILS Reserves - H62 .D38 2004]

Denham, B.E. (2002). Advanced categorical statistics: Issues and applications in communication research. Journal of Communication, 52(1), 162-176. [UNC libraries]

Gray, D.E. (2004). Statistical analysis: Associations between variables. In Doing Research in the Real World. London: Sage Publications, 481-484. [SILS Reserves - H62 .G72 2009]

Hafner, A.W. (1998). Descriptive Statistical Techniques for Librarians. 2nd ed. Chicago: American Library Association. [SILS - Z669.8 .H33 1998; Health Sciences Library - Z 669.8 .H1395d 1998]

Hays, W.L. (1981). Statistics. 3rd ed. Fort Worth, TX: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Chapter 4. [Davis - HA29 .H352 1981]

Healey, J.F. (2007). The Essentials of Statistics: A Tool for Social Research. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. [SILS - HA29 .H39 2007]

Howell, D.C. (2008). Chi-square. In Fundamental Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. 6th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth, 462-492. [SILS Reserves - HA29 .H78 2008]

Janes, J. (1999). Descriptive statistics: Where they sit and how they fall. Library Hi Tech, 17(4), 402-408. [UNC libraries]

Janes, J. (2001). Categorical relationships: Chi-square. Library Hi Tech, 19(3), 296-298. [UNC libraries]

Loether, H.J., & McTavish, D.G. (1993). Cross-classification of variables. In Descriptive and Inferential Statistics: An Introduction. Boston : Allyn and Bacon, 161-200. [SILS Reserves – HN25 .L62 1993]

Patten, M.L. (2002). Introduction to the chi square test [and] A closer look at the chi square test. In Understanding Research Methods: An Overview of the Essentials. Los Angeles: Pyrczak Publishing, 99-102. [SILS Reserve - Q180.55 .M4 P38 2002]

Punch, K.F. (2014). Relationships between variables: Cross-tabulations and contingency tables. In Introduction to Social Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 255-256. [SILS Reserves - H62 .P93 2014]

Rubin, A. (2007). Statistics for Evidence-Based Practice and Evaluation. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole. [SILS - RA409 .R82 2007]

Tufte, E.R. (1983). The Visual Display of Quantitative Information. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press. [SILS, Davis - HA31 .T83 1983; Health Sciences Library - QA 276.3 T914v 1983]

Vaughan, L. (2001). Examinig relationships for nominal and ordinal data -- Chi-square test. In Statistical Methods for the Information Professional. Medford, NJ: Information Today, 75-92. [SILS Reserves – HF1017 .V38 2001]

Wainer, H. (1997). Visual Revelations: Graphical Tales of Fate and Deception from Napoleon Bonaparte to Ross Perot. New York: Copernicus, Springer-Verlag. [Science Library Annex - QA276.3 .W35 1997]

Wilson, J.H. (2005). Chi-square analyses. In Essential Statistics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 242-262. [SILS Reserves – HA29 .W5154 2005]

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Correlation

Bernard, H. R. (2000). Bivariate analysis: Testing relations. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Research Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 545-612. [SILS Reserves – H62 .B439 2000]

David, M., & Sutton, C.D. (2004). Analysing relationships between interval variables. In Social Research: The Basics. London: Sage, 300-305. [SILS Reserves - H62 .D38 2004]

Gray, D.E. (2004). Correlation analysis. In Doing Research in the Real World. London: Sage Publications, 485-492. [SILS Reserves - H62 .G72 2009]

Howell, D.C. (2008). Correlation. In Fundamental Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. 6th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth, 170-210. [SILS Reserves - HA29 .H78 2008]

Punch, K.F. (2014). Relationships between variables: Correlation and regression. In Introduction to Social Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 261-267. [SILS Reserves - H62 .P93 2014]

Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R.L. (2008). Correlation. In Essentials of Behavioral Research: Methods and Data Analysis. 3rd ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 314-353. [SILS Reserves - BF76.5 .R629 2008]

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Comparing Means: t Tests and Analysis of Variance

Abelson, R.P. (1995). Magnitude of effects [and] Articulation of results: Ticks and buts. In Statistics as Principled Argument. Hillsdale, NJ: :Lawrence Erlbaum, 39-53, 104-131. [SILS Reserves - QA276 .A22 1995]

Bernard, H. R. (2000). Bivariate analysis: Testing relations. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Research Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 545-612. [SILS Reserves – H62 .B439 2000]

Cohen, J. (1965). Some statistical issues in psychological research. In Wolman, B.B. (ed.), Handbook of Clinical Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 95-121.

Cohen, J. (1994). The earth is round (p < .05). American Psychologist, 49(12), 997-1003. [UNC libraries]

Cohen, J. (1990). Things I have learned (so far). American Psychologist, 45(12), 1304-1312. [UNC libraries]

David, M., & Sutton, C.D. (2004). Inferential statistics and hypothesis testing. In Social Research: The Basics. London: Sage, 309-319. [SILS - H62 .D38 2004]

Fife-Schaw, C. (2000). Bivariate statistical analysis. In Breakwell, G.M., Hammond, S., & Fife-Schaw, C. (eds.), Research Methods in Psychology. London: SAGE, 350-371. [SILS Reserves – BF76.5 .R466 2000]

Gerhan, D. (2001). Statistical significance: How it signifies in statistics reference. Reference & User Services Quarterly, 40(4), 361-374. [UNC libraries, online]

Howell, D.C. (2008). Hypothesis tests applied to means: Two related samples [and] Hypothesis tests applied to means: Two independent samples. In Fundamental Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. 6th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth, 309-349. [SILS Reserves - HA29 .H78 2008]

Howell, D.C. (2008). One-way analysis of variance [and] Factorial analysis of variance. In Fundamental Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. 6th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth, 374-443. [SILS Reserves - HA29 .H78 2008]

Loether, H.J., & McTavish, D.G. (1993). The logic of hypothesis testing. In Descriptive and Inferential Statistics: An Introduction. Boston : Allyn and Bacon, 475-506. [SILS Reserves – HN25 .L62 1993]

Mason, E.J., & Bramble, W.J. (1997). Making inferences from data. In Research in Education and the Behavioral Sciences: Concepts and Methods. Madison, WI: Brown & Benchmark, 185-259. [Davis - LB1028 .M325 1997]

Punch, K.F. (2014). Comparisons between groups: The analysis of variance. In Introduction to Social Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 256-261. [SILS Reserves - H62 .P93 2014]

Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R.L. (2008). Comparing means by standard t tests [and] Analysis of variance and the F test. In Essentials of Behavioral Research: Methods and Data Analysis. 3rd ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 381-433. [SILS Reserves - BF76.5 .R629 2008]

Vaughan, L. (2001). What is statistically significant? -- Basic concepts of inferential statistics; Are two samples significantly differet? -- T test; Are three or more samples significantly different? -- Analysis of variance. In Statistical Methods for the Information Professional. Medford, NJ: Information Today, 45-66, 111-138. [SILS Reserves – HF1017 .V38 2001]

Wilkinson, L. (1999). Statistical methods in psychology journals: Guidelines and explanations. American Psychologist, 54(8), 594-604. [UNC libraries]

Wilson, J.H. (2005). Three t-tests; ANOVA: One-way, between-groups; [and] ANOVA: Two-way, between-groups. In Essential Statistics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 114-200. [SILS Reserves – HA29 .W5154 2005]

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Creative Commons LicenseThis INLS 781 website, UNC-CH, 2014, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License. Address all comments and questions to Barbara M. Wildemuth at wildemuth@unc.edu. This page was last modified on september 22, 2014, by Barbara M. Wildemuth.