Degree-Granting Bioinformatics Programs in the
United States as of 12/2004
University	Degrees	Department(s)	Degree Requirements	Sampling of Research Interests
Arizona State University	Professional MS	The Sloan Foundation of Computational Biosciences in the Department of Life Sciences	30 credit hours of courses, 6 credits of internship, and 6 credit hours of professional development or advanced study.  42 credit hours total.	Computational algorithms for utilization of PET imaging in the study of Alzheimer's; design of algorithms for image deformation, reconstruction, and quantitative analysis; predictive molecular modeling
Baylor College of Medicine	PhD - Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, MD/PhD	Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences	PhD: Collection of program-specific coursework, graduate school core curriculum, thesis MD/PhD: first 2 years of med school (includes clinical clerkship), followed by grad school coursework, lab rotations, thesis completion finishing with final year of med school.	Computational models of tissue mechanics, molecular evolution, theory of protein folding, gene regulation, network analysis proteomics
Baylor University	BS of Informatics w/ Bioinformatics major	Department of Computer Science, Biology Department	124 credit hours required including Humanities, Computer Science and Biology, and Mathematics and Chemistry.	Parallel computation, component level design, metamorphic programming
Boston University	MS, PhD	Department of Bioinformatics	MS: 32 credits required and internship.  PhD: (Post-Bachelor's) - 64 credits required and exam (32 course credits, 16 research credits); (Post-Master's) 32 credits required (16 course credits, 16 research credits) and exam (For all: no lower than "B" in core courses)	Systems biology, microarray analysis, genomics and proteomic biotechnology, development and application of new chemical methods for mapping structure of DNA, RNA and DNA-protein complexes, etc.
Brandeis University	MS Bioinformatics, MS Bioinformatics/MS Software Engineering Dual Degree, Graduate Certificate in Bioinformatics	Office of Continuing Studies - taught by professionals in the field	MS: 30 credits, Dual Degree: 45 credits,  Certificate: 15 credits.  All include core courses and courses in programming, scripting language and database management.	Natural language processing, cognitive mideling, modeling of hybrid systems using interval arithmetic contraints, parallel processing
Canisius College	BS	Department of Computer Science	37 courses (128 credits) required.  Full undergraduate curriculum.	Natural Language understanding and generation, mathematical biology, analysis of algorithms
Cedar Crest College	BS Minor	Department of Biological Sciences	Biology, Genetics, Evolution, Biostatistics, 2 courses in Bioinformatics	Rare Plants, Invertebrate Neurophysiology, Viral Genetics, Evolutionary Influences on Codon Usage
Columbia University	MA (applied), MA (research), PhD	Department of Biomedical Informatics	MS (applied): 30 credits required, MS (research): Previous PhD and 30 credits, PhD: 60 credits, comp exam, dissertation	Standards for encoding and sharing clinical guidelines, diabetes informatics, clinical data mining
DeVry University	BS in Biomedical Informatics	Technology - Biomedical Informatics	141 credits (largest concentration in Biomedical and Healthcare Informatics: 28 credits,  Programming: 27 credits,  Mathematics and Sciences: 20 credits)	No specific research mentioned.
Drexel University	All degrees with Concentrations in Bioinformatics, BS, MS, PhD	Center for Integrated Bioinformatics	BS: 2 core classes and senior thesis, MS: 4 required classes, electives, and optional thesis, PhD: 4 required courses, electives, and thesis.	Molecular characterization of tissue heterogeneity, molecular pathways and cellular networks, and informatics of cultured cells
Duke University	PhD; Certificate for PhD and MS students in other departments at Duke	Centers for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology and Genome Technology	PhD: Core classes, electives, exams, graduate seminars, rotations, and dissertation; Certificate: Four courses in bioinformatics and seminars.	No information available on specific research interests
Florida International University	MS in Computer Science w/Specialization	Department of Computer Science	15 credits of required CS classes and 15 electives or 9 electives, and option of thesis	Pattern Discovery in sequences and structures, micro-array data analysis, primer and probe design, phylogenetic analysis, image processing - conducted by BioRG
Florida State University	MS/PhD in Biomedical Mathematics	Department of Mathematics	MS: 36 hours of coursework and seminars PhD: MS degree requirements, comp exam, dissertation	Mathematical physiology, protein structure determination, human brain mapping, DNA topology
Foothill College	Associate Degree, Career Certification	Biological and Health Sciences Division (BH) in conjunction with the Computer Technology and Information System (CTIS) Division	53 credits for Associate Degree, 49 for Certificate	N/A
George Mason University	MS, PhD	School of Computational Sciences	MS: 31 credit hours including research project or master's thesis.  PhD: 72 credits total, 48 course credits and 24 credits of thesis research.	Protein structure analysis, computational neuroscience, biomedical genomics, data mining, human genetic variation, viral genomics
George Washington University	BS in Computer Science or Biology w/ concentration in Bioinformatics or Dual BA in CS and Biology, MS in Genomics and Bioinformatics with tracks in Biology or CS	Multiple participating departments	BS: 130 credit hours required along prescribed curriculum, Dual BA: 132 credit hours required Biology MS: non-thesis option, 35 credits required with a final project.  Thesis option: 32 credits plus thesis.  CS MS: 38 credits required.	Phylogenetics, information systems, genomics and proteomics of HIV and cardiovascular disease
Georgetown University	MS in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology with specialization in Biotechnology and an emphasis in Bioinformatics	School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology	9 courses specific to the bioinformatics track.  Internships are also possible.	Developmental genetics, DNA replication in E. coli, DNA damage, second messengers
Georgia Institute of Technology	MS, PhD in Biology w/Specialization and PhD in Bioinformatics	School of Biology	37 credits, three semesters of specific courses in biology, mathematics, computer programming, and chemistry.	Protein structure analysis, molecular genetic databases, x-ray crystallography
Harvard and MIT	MS Medical Informatics	Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology	Core courses and thesis requirement	Information processing in medicine, communication in medicine.
Harvard and MIT	PhD	Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology's Program of Medical Engineering and Medical Physics	Core courses and thesis requirement, interdisciplinary courses among both schools.	No information available on specific research interests
Indiana University at Bloomington	MS, PhD minor	School of Informatics with Depts of Biology, Computer Science, and Chemistry	MS: 36 credits, 6 core credits, with thesis, PhD minor: 12 credits	FlyBase/Drosophila research.
Indiana University/Purdue University - Indianapolis	MS	School of Informatics	9 core credit hours, and then 21 credit hours of electives, culminating with 6 credit hours of work on master's thesis.	Intelligent systems, neural networks, bioinformatics, gene regulation
Iowa State University	PhD	Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology with multiple participating departments	Courses in genetics, molecular biology, mathematics, computer science, statistics and physics with interdisciplinary thesis.  72 credits are required	Intelligent searching, data warehouses, analytical tools, high performance computing in genomics
Johns Hopkins University	Pre- and post-doctoral candidates	Institute for Biophysical Research	Not on website	Transposition mechanisms, transcriptional silencing, computational genomics, protein sequence analysis, compuational protein design
Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences	Professional Masters of Bioscience	N/A	Two academic years of work, with internship over the summer and master's paper	optimization of yeast recombinant protein production; genomic, proteomic, and cell-based microarray technologies; DNA amplification and analysis methods; microfluidics; molecular and computational analysis of regulatory networks; rational design of multidrug HIV therapy, and structural genomics
Marquette University/Medical College of Wisconsin	MS	Departments of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Biology; and Biomedical Engineering (MU), Bioinformatic and Biomedical Research (UWM)	Thesis: 24 credit hours required plus thesis.  Non-thesis: 36 credit hours.  Core courses required for both options.	Development of systems to aid in the genomics, proteomic research ongoing.
Medical University of South Carolina	PhD track	Department of Biometry and Epidemiology	7 core courses with electives beyond that.  Lab rotations strongly encouraged.	Computational science systems for analysis of biological data, protein interactions, metabolic pathway identification
Michigan Technical University	BS	Department of Biological Sciences	74 credits of bioinformatics work required.	Immunology, microbial toxicology, comparative genomics
Missouri Southern State University	BS Concentration	Department of Computer Science	81 required credits in CS and biology	N/A
New Jersey Institute of Technology	Certificate	Department of Continuing Professional Education	4 courses - 3 core, 1 elective	N/A
North Carolina State University	MS (non-thesis), PhD,	Program in Genomic Science	MS: 33 credit hours: 15 Genomic Science, 9 Bioinformatics Core, 9 Bioinformatics, with oral exam, non-thesis degree.  PhD: 72 credit hours: 15 Genomic Science, 9 Bioinformatics Core, 48 Bioinformatics and thesis.	Statistical genetics, molecular sequence analysis, genetic mapping, microarray analysis, protein evolution, quantitative genetics
Northeastern University	MS	Department of Biology's Program in Bioinformatics with multiple participating departments	32 credits required.  Core courses with electives, internship required, some background in basic disciplines can be filled in with extra work.	No information available on specific research interests
Northern Illinois University	MS Specialization, Certification	Department of Biological Sciences	30 credits required for MS with specialization, 16-17 required for certificate	Arabidopsis BLAST searches, enzyme rate studies, similarity matrices
Northwestern University	MS beginning Fall 2004	Multiple participating departments	3 core courses, seminar sequence, five electives, 3 units of independent research with one quarter spent in an industrial setting, thesis required.	No information available on specific research interests
Ohio State University	PhD	Biophysics Program's Division of Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics	Programs are highly individual and are worked out with your advisor.  Thesis defense is required for completion of degree.	Assembly and function of protein complexes, neural networks, function of solute transporters in health and disease.
Oregon Health & Sciences University	All degrees in Biomedical Informatics: MS (research) and MS (professional), PhD; Graduate Certificate	Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology	MS research: 60 credit hours required, with 48 credits of course work distributed among four core areas, and 12 credits of thesis research.  MS professional: 52 credit hours required with Capstone Project.  Six credit on-campus requirement.  Certificate: Eight courses required.	Information needs and seeking  of biomedical researchers, information retrieval in genomics
Ramapo College	BS	School of Theoretical and Applied Science	128 credits, 65 core credits with option for internship.	Client-server applications, peptide synthesis methodology
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute	BS, MS in Applied Science w/Concentration in Bioinformatics, PhD in Biology w/Concentration in Bioinformatics	School of Science's Department of Applied Science and Biology	Not on website	Regulation of gene expression, protein folding and structure, data mining, molecular simulations
Rice University	MS in Computer Science w/ Concentration	Department of Computer Science	Specific courses listed on website.  14 courses required.	No specific research mentioned.
Rochester Institute of Technology	BS and MS (professional)	Department of Biological Sciences	No specific information available.	No specific research mentioned.
Rockefeller University/New York University's Courant Institute	PhD, or MD/PhD	No information	No specific information available.	No information available on specific research interests
Rutgers University/UMDNJ	PhD track	Department of Molecular Computational Biology	No set number of credits beyond core courses.  Individual curriculums are determined upon admission	Protein expression and structural genes, DNA topology, evolutionary trees, discrete mathematics in biology
St. Edwards University	BS	School of Natural Sciences	52 credits of core courses, with 13 elective credits required in bioinformatics	N/A
Stanford University	MS (academic), MS (online professional), MS (coterminal, Stanford UG's only), PhD; Certification	Department of Biomedical Informatics	Projects required for MS, thesis for PhD, two years of residence and completion of appropriate courses.	Biomedical Informatics
Stevens Institute of Technology	MS Chemical Biology w/concentration; Certificate	Department of Chemistry	MS: 30 credits required; Certificate: 12 credits	N/A
University of Alabama - Birmingham	Specializations for MS, PhD	Department of Computer & Information Sciences	MS: 6 core credits, 9 elective, PhD: individualized training to be worked out with your advisor.	Medical informatics
University of Buffalo	BS	College of Arts and Sciences	N/A	No information available on specific research interests
University of California - Berkeley	Professional Sequence w/Certificate given	UC Berkeley Extension - Continuing Education	4 courses in two possible sequences.	Genetic engineering, Perl, Data Mining
University of California - Davis	MS and PhD in Biomedical Engineering with Track in Bioinformatics	Department of Biomedical Engineering	MS: 32 credits, w/ 3 core courses, and thesis.  PhD: 48 credits, w/ 4 core courses, and dissertation.	DNA mechanics, mathematical modeling of pathways
University of California - Irvine	MS, PhD, both have research areas in Informatics in Biology or Medicine	School of Information and Computer Science	Three core courses, plus at least 6 additional courses, and courses to satisfy a breadth requirement.  Other core courses required for ICS school.	Data mining, prediction of protein sequences, gene expression data analysis
University of California - Los Angeles	BS in Cybernetics w/Concentration in Bioinformatics, MS, PhD	Mult. Depts: Biomathematics, Chemistry and Biochemistry, Statistics, Computer Science et al.	Statistics, Genomics, Computational Biology, Research	Predicting membrane protein structure, analyses of genome evolution, microarrays
University of California - Riverside	PhD in Genetics with track in Genomics/Bioinformatics	Graduate Program in Genetics	N/A	Plant gene expression, environmental stress tolerance, population genetics
University of California - San Diego	BS, PhD, also PhD in Neuroinformatics	Mult. Depts: Departments of Biology, Biomedical Sciences, Computer Science & Engineering, Mathematics et al.	Biological Data and Analysis Tools, Sequence Analysis, Genomic Analysis, Statistics areas, three quarters of work required	Structure and evolution of proteins, Enzymes, genomics, etc http://bioinformatics.ucsd.edu/faculty/index.htm
University of California - San Francisco	MS – only for those getting a second health-related masters (or MS with PhD), and PhD	Graduate Program in Biological and Medical Informatics	36 credits required for MS, projects required for both MS and PhD	Protein structures, Computer imaging, etc http://www.bmi.ucsf.edu/faculty.html
University of California - Santa Cruz	BS, MS and PhD	Currently under Department of Computer Engineering – moving to Department of Biomolecular Engineering	Six core courses with three electives, optional internship, 52 credits for MS, 56 for PhD, Thesis required for both MS and PhD	Gene finding, RNA detection techniques, proteomics
University of Cincinnati	MS and PhD in Biomedical Engineering with Track in Bioinformatics	Department of Biomedical Engineering	148 credits required over 3 years of work, with thesis	Computational neuroscience, clinical applications of bioinformatics
University of Colorado at Denver	MS/PhD in Applied Mathematics with Computational Biology Option	Applied Mathematics Department	MS:  30 semester hours (24 must be in mathematics - level 5000 or above), 3.0 GPA, final oral exam                                     PhD: 12 non-thesis credits ,including 4 PhD level courses, Math Clinic, 3 Readings (42 non-thesis credits required w/o M.S. in mathematics), 2 preliminary exams in Applied Analysis and Applied Linear Algebra, comp exam, 30 thesis credits, dissertation and defense	Through the Center for Computational Biology: Image processing and radiation therapy, Population genetics, Algorithm design for problems in DNA mapping, Computational mechanics
University of Colorado at Denver	MS in CS with Computational Biology option                     PhD in CS and IS with Computational Biology option	Computer Science Department PhD:  The Business School and the Computer Science and Engineering Department	MS:  completiong of 30 credit hours, 15 of which must include biology for computer scientists, engineers and math, computational biology, algorithms, independent study: complex software development project, into to Bayesian Statististics) PhD:  completion of MS degree (30 credit hours) plus 30 credit hours beyond Master's level, 30 credit hours of dissertation research and general requirements of the Graduate School	Research interests:  Parallel processing and simulation, data mining, neural networks, machine learning, graph theory and graph algorithms
University of Colorado at Denver	Certificate in Computational Biology	Center for Computational Biology	15 credits	Image processing and radiation therapy, Population genetics, Algorithm design for problems in DNA mapping, Computational mechanics
University of Colorado at Denver	PhD in Analytical Health Science/ Bioinformatics	CU Health Sciences Center - Department of Preventative Medicine and Biometrics	45 quarter-credit hours of course work and 45 quarter-credit hours of doctoral dissertaion research, dissertation defense	Ontologies in biomedicine, bio-molecular dynamics, genomic sequence and polymorphism, gene expression analysis, biochemical pathway analysis
University of Delaware	BS minor	N/A	15 credits and thesis required.	N/A
University of Idaho	MS, PhD	Initiative for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies	Core courses, depth courses, lab rotation, seminars, teaching experience, and thesis required.  MS: 32 credits, PhD: 78 credits.	No information available on specific research interests
University of Illinois at Chicago	MS, PhD	Department of Bioengineering	36 credits minimum of specific courses in biochemistry, mathematics, statistics, and bioengineering for MS, 96 credits for PhD.  Thesis required for both.	Structural Bioinformatics, Computational Biology, Neural Engineering
University of Maryland	MS Biotechnology Studies w/ Track	Graduate School	36 credits, 24 of core courses.	No information available on specific research interests
University of Massachusetts - Lowell	Degrees in specified areas available with Bio/Cheminformatics Option: BS, MS, PhD	Department of Computer Science collaborating with Depts of Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics and the Medical School.	BS: 120-124 credits depending on major, MS, PhD: 9 core credit hours, 12 credits of course pairs, 9 elective credits,	Data mining, visualization of data, viral-host interactions, protein composition
University of Memphis	MS Computer Science or Mathematical Sciences w/Concentration	Department of Mathematical Sciences's Computer Science Division	With PhD: 30 credits, without: 33 credits required.  Thesis required for both.	Computational biology and algorithms.
University of Michigan	MS, PhD	2 tracks: Program in Biomedical Sciences in the Medical School, or directly to the Bioinformatics Program	MS: 31 credits of core courses and electives, with internship required, non-thesis.  PhD: 68 credits required with thesis and exam.	Tools for facilitating gene mapping, nanomolecular modeling, transcription mechanism study, etc.
University of Minnesota	MS minor, PhD minor	Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology	Minor requires core courses, 9 credits for master's, 15 credits for doctoral minor.	DNA repair mechanisms, quantitative genetics, biopolymers, etc.
University of Missouri - Columbia	MS in Health Informatics and Bioinformatics (Resident or Executive)	Department of Health Management and Informatics	Research:  45 credits, oral comp, thesis  Executive:  33 credits (including 9 courses and a research project)	No research specific to the Computational Biology option mentioned.
University of Nebraska	MS in Pathology and Microbiology with Special Track in Bioinformatics, PhD in Pathology and Microbiology with Special Track in Bioinformatics	University of Nebraska Medical Center Department of Pathology and Microbiology, in conjunction with the Department of Information Systems and Quantitative Analysis,	MS: Eleven foundation biology, computational sciences courses, core biological sciences, computational sciences, electives and independent study.  PhD: Similar requirements.	Cost benefit analysis for systems, computer literacy
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill	MS Certificate of Specialization, PhD Certificate of Specialization	School of Information and Library Science (MS), Carolina Center for Genome Sciences (PhD)	Certification: 38 credits of required classes in the 48 required for a MLS/MIS with research rotation.  Specialization: Two research rotations, one semester of teaching, core classes, and research presentation required.  Possible internships.	Structure and function relationships of proteins, computational protein design, statistical genetics
University of Pennsylvania	BS Biology, Computer Science, or Mathematics w/Concentration, MS in Biotechnology w/Concentration, PhD in Genomics and Computational Biology	Department of Computational Biology	MS: 12 courses required.  No information on PhD	Evolutionary population genetics, mathematical tools to map disease genes, multiple sequence alignments
University of Pittsburgh	Certification, MS in Biomedical Informatics w/Concentration, PhD in Biomedical Informatics w/Concentration, Biomedical Informatics Certificate Program	Center for Biomedical Informatics	MS: 44 credit hours, required core courses, electives, and thesis.  PhD: 71 credit hours, core courses, electives, thesis, and significant research.  Certificate: 15 credit hours	Biomolecular sequence-structure-function research, oncology informatics, medical simulations
University of South Florida	MS	Health Sciences Center with other participating departments	41 credits, with 9 core classes and a thesis.	No specific research mentioned.
University of Southern California	Professional MS, PhD	Department of Biological Sciences (MS, PhD), Department of Mathematics (MS)	60 credits and thesis.	Algorithm development, association mapping with SNPs, cancer genomics
University of Tennessee at Knoxville	MS, PhD	Genomic Science and Technology Graduate School at UT-K w/ Oak Ridge National Laboratories	MS: Similar requirements with thesis at end.  PhD: 26 credits minimum, with thesis.	Microbial pathogenesis, mouse genomics, statistical methods of gene annotation.
University of Texas - Austin	PhD track	Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology	Two semester core course required along with electives, and thesis.	Bioorganic chemistry, mouse genetics, apoptosis, cellular biosynthesis
University of Texas - El Paso	Professional MS	Department of Biological Sciences	2 year, non-thesis program.  Core courses required.	Genome sequencing, bioluminescence, intelligent systems, molecular mechanisms of pathogens
University of the Sciences at Philadelphia	BS, MS	Program in Bioinformatics	22 credits core courses, electives beyond that.	No specific research mentioned.
University of Utah	MS/PhD in Medical Informatics with a Bioinformatics track, one-year MS for MDs	Department of Medical Informatics	MS: 30 semester hours (23 of formal coursework, 7 of research leading to thesis), completion of thesis, comp exam                                                                     PhD: 40 semester hours of formal coursework, written/oral comp exam after 1st year, 14 semester hours of research work, dissertation, completion of written/oral qualifying exams after completion of coursework One-year MS: tailored curriculum	Parallel genetic algorithms, development of methodologies for linkage and association analysis, population studies on familiarity of diseases
University of Washington	All degrees in Biomedical and Health Informatics, MS (research and applied), PhD, Certification only available for current students at Univ. of Wash.	Department of Medical Education and Biomedical Informatics	MS Research: 60 credits minimum with thesis.  MS Applied: 60 credits minimum with applied project. PhD: 90 credits minimum with thesis.	Clinical informatics, genetic data integration, public health informatics, structural informatics
University of Wisconsin	MS in Computer Science with Bioinformatics Track	Department of Computer Science	N/A	No specific research mentioned.
University of Wisconsin	PhD with an emphasis in bioinformatics	Various departments participating in the Computation and Informatics in Biology and Medicine Training Program	Completion of a minor outside one's home dept. (12 credits), 3 classes in Bioinformatics/Biostatistics, 3 Biological classes, 3 CS classes	Sequence analysis and algorithms, mircroarray analysis, structural biology, modeling and simulation, information extraction from biomedical text, statistical genomics
University of Wisconsin	Pre- and post-doctoral candidates	Computation and Informatics in Biology and Medicine (CS, Biochemistry, Statistics, Genetics, Chemical and Biological Engineering, etc.)	9 credits minimum plus a course in Scientific Ethics	Interdisciplinary research interests.
University of Wisconsin	Capstone Certificate Programs	Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics	12 credits (3 required classes, one elective)	N/A
University of Wisconsin	Graduate Certificate Program	Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics	12 credits (3 required classes, one elective)	N/A
Vanderbilt University	MS in Biomedical Informatics and PhD Concentration	Vanderbilt University Medical Center's Program in Biomedical Informatics	MS: 27-40 credits required with thesis. PhD: 33-46 credits with teaching experience and thesis	Clinical terminology systems, medical informatics, machine learning, genetic expression of cancer genes.
Virginia Commonwealth University	BS, M Biof. (non-thesis, professional degree), MS (thesis), BS/MS Accelerated Program	Center for the Study of Biological Complexity	BS: 40 core credits, 22 track credits, and completion of standard undergraduate degree requirements; M Biof.: 35 credits; Programs give choices among 3 different tracks: Biology/Genomics, Computational Science, Quantitative/Statistical	No specific research mentioned.
Virginia Polytechnic Institute	PhD in Genetics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology	Program in Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology	Students choose a primary track from four specialty tracks:  life sciences, computer science, statistics and mathematics.  Also complete core courses and dissertation research project.	Molecular modeling and protein structure and function, genomic sequence analysis from an evolutionary perspective, biomolecular electrostatics, protein folding and dynamics,  microarray transcription data, computational methods for use in air quality modeling
Washington University in St. Louis	PhD Computational Biology	Computational Biology Program	3 required courses, Fundamentals of CS (or previous experience), CS class, 3 advanced electives, Ethics course, Teaching Assistantship, research lab rotations, qualifying exam, thesis	Computational approaches to gene analysis,  comparative genomics, population and evolutionary genetics, application of molecular genetic techniques to the study of genotype/ phenotype associations and the evolotion of the human genome
Wright State University	BS in Computer Science w/Bioinformatics option, BS in Biology w/Bioinformatics option  MS in CS (course of study can be designed to include computational aspects of Bioinformatics)	Department of Computer Science & Engineering	CS: 195 credit hours required.  Bio: 200 credit hours required  MS: 48 credit hours (including 12 credit hours toward thesis)	Protein binding interactions, data mining, molecular visualization, forensic analysis
Yale University	PhD - Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program	Combined Program in the Biological & Biomedical Sciences	Completion of 9 courses encompassing the following core areas:  computational biology and bioinformatics, biological sciences, and informatics; graduate seminar on research ethics, multiple research rotations, CBB seminar series , two semesters as a teaching assistant, qualifying exam (oral portion includes questioning on dissertation prospectus), and work in lab of thesis advisor.	Computational approaches to functional and integrative genomics, Theoretical molecular biology and computational algorithms, Computational analysis of macromolecular structures heterogeneous database design and information integration