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This pathfinder is intended for the researcher interested in studying travelers to Africa in the last half of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century. It provides resource references for both the early and advanced stage of research. The included information covers the main topic of travelers and travel narratives, but ancillary topics such as British colonialism and imperialism, while not included here, may also prove fruitful. All Sources, unless otherwise indicated, may be found in the Walter Royal Davis Library at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
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People have been traveling and writing about what they saw for centuries. From Herodotus to Marco Polo to Richard Burton to Henry Morton Stanley, travelers have been instrumental in providing their homelands with visions of far away, exotic and unknown areas of the globe. They have traveled for as many different reasons as there were travelers. Some reasons were personal, economic, educational and national, but glory seemed to prevade.
Beginning in the nineteenth century, travelers enjoyed many advantages. Advancements in technology, medicine, politics, and economics made travel by a larger and more variegated population possible. The late nineteenth century has been dubbed the era of discovery in Africa, and while the continent was inhabitted by a multitude of peoples, England and America celebrated their exploration of the "dark continent." They wrote about their travels, lectured at home and brought Africa closer to their readers through fantastic descriptions and tales.
Travelers who recorded their thoughts while traveling through Africa also revealed a great deal about their own society. A travel narrative unconsciously included the worldview of its author, sometimes more clearly than the place being described. The Victorian period, ca 1820 to 1900, also provides an arena of self-conscious and exploratory writings, where people expressed their self-perceptions. One example of this is the analysis of indigenous peoples and their "place" in the "natural order of things."
Mary Kingsley exemplifies many of the qualities of Victorian travelers to Africa. As a destined "spinster," she traveled to the Canary Islands after the sudden death of her parents in 1892. This first trip enticed her to further explore the continent from which the fantastic wares she saw amongst cargo ships heading for Europe and the Atlantic world came. In November 1895, she returned to West Africa and immediately instigated interest from the English press. During her travels, she formulated her own opinions about African and African people, often contradicting accepted ideology of the day. She died at the age of 38 while serving as a nurse in the Boer Wars of South Africa in 1900.
Her legacy as a traveler and writer have impacted studies of both Africa at the turn of the century and Victorian England. She wrote and lectured on Africa and enjoyed popularity and respect while she was alive, and she continues to hold a vaulted place in the annals of travel history. Mary Kingsley is one exceptional example of a group of people who ventured into the "unknown" and made it known.
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Library of Congress Subject headings aid in the organization of materials, but also require some knowledge of their structure. Headings and subheadings, for instance, may also have geographic specifications to focus the study on a particular area. Subject headings under individual travelers and groups sponsoring travel will yield some good sources. General subject headings are harder to establish. Here are some possibilities, though certainly not all, for this topic:
Other areas of interest that will have their own set of subject headings would be African history, British colonies and colonialism, expansion, imperialism, etc. One tip for dealing with the wide variety of subject headings available for a topic is to use one source's subject headings as a guide line to other sources.
Source: Library of Congress Subject Headings. 16th ed. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1993.
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While sources for this topic are available throughout a library's collection, there are some areas that will yield a concentration on travelers to Africa:
4th floor Davis Library:
8th floor Davis Library:
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General encylopedias are a great starting point for an examination of travelers in Africa. This step is particularly useful when the researcher does not have the name of a traveler or wants a general overview of travel in Africa before focusing on a specific individual. Articles on individual travelers are also available in these general encyclopedias, but subject encyclopedias and biographical sources will prove more fruitful.
World Book Encyclopedia. 22 vols. Chicago: World Book, 1996. Davis Ref. AE5.W55
While "traveler" yields no useful results, the heading "exploration" is quite useful. There is a subsection that deals specifically with Africa. This article covers all early European exploration into Africa. It includes maps and table for quick ideas. The researcher will be able to ascertain the most famous of travelers to Africa through this source. It also provides cross-references to individuals.
Encyclopedia Americana. Int'l ed. 30 vols. Danbury, CT: Grolier, 1996. Davis Ref. AE5.E333 1996
A more sophisticated encyclopedia than World Book, the Encyclopedia Americana provides a detailed history of exploration, from pre 1415 to outer space. The treatment is diachronic, and the encyclopedia also gives a list of explorers and notes the participation of such groups as the Royal Geographic Society of London.
Subject encyclopedias provide a more focused look at the subject. They are often more detailed than the general encyclopedias listed above. There are two types of subject encyclopedia appropriate for the topic of travelers to Africa. First, there are encyclopedias about Africa. These deal with African history and include discussions about travelers as they affected the history of Africa. Second, there are encyclopedias that deal with the topic of exploration. These encyclopedias are by far the most specific about travelers to Africa.
Middleton, John, ed. Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara. New York: C. Schribner's Sons, 1997. Davis Ref. DT351.E53 1997
This four volume encyclopedia is by far the most impressive encyclopedia about Africa. The editor's preface acknowledges that Africa has been seen as a representation of a reality, a series of inventions and that travelers have participated in that invention. (v.1, p. xvi) The article "Travel and Exploration" (pp. 279 - 288) is a detailed examination of the affects of travelers on African history. The article begins with early Arab travelers and covers chronologically, as well as topically, the influence and participation of travelers throughout Africa's long history. At the end of each section the author includes a short bibliography. The article's treatment of European travel since 1800 is especially good in that it combines individual travelers and the influence of government, science, leisure and religion in people's choices to travel to Africa. The encyclopedia includes an informative map of the routes different travelers took, along with the dates they were there (p. 287). A list of travelers not directly discussed within the article concludes this treatment and cross- references are made to some individuals covered in the encyclopedia. The bibliography is prefaced with a note about travel narratives. In particular, the article on Henry Morton Stanley, probably the most famous traveler in Africa, lists the individual books that Stanley wrote about his journeys (pp. 163-165).
Oliver, Roland and Michael Crowder, ed. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981. Davis Ref. DT3.C35 1980
This work is more of a history of Africa than an encyclopedia. It provides a general look at African history. It is arranged chronologically and while it does not delve into the topic of travelers specifically, it does provide wonderful illustrations which are a combination of maps, drawings, photographs, diagrams and contemporary political satire cartoons. This encyclopedia is a good frame of reference for the political and social forces under which these travelers acted. It deals skillfully with such topics as colonialism in Africa. The index is located in the front, and a concluding essay "For Further Reading" is arranged topically.
Delpar, Helen, ed. The Discovers: An Encyclopedia of Explorers and Exploration. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1980. Davis Ref. G200.D53
This encyclopedic work examines the impact of travelers in Africa in a geographic context. That context aside, it is one of the most thorough of the encyclopedic sources. The article on Africa, (pp. 6-24) examines the participation of Europeans in the explosion of information about Africa. She deals with specific explorers and journeys individually, but also within a chronological context. The text is enriched with illustrations, both contemporary and historically significant. Her examination of Dr. David Livingstone and Henry Morton Stanley are particularly impressive in the detail and narrative quality (pp. 19- 20). The book also deals with such difficult but pertinent topics as the impact on indigenous peoples with sensitivity and acumen. Most striking about this source is the examination of the Royal Geographic Society, often mentioned but seldom examined in such depth. She provides a concise history of the Society and its role in the opening of the African continent to British and American travelers. A listing of Recipients of Royal Medals, 1839-1978 provides a good starting point for the delving into Biographical sources. This source presents information in two different ways. There are biographical essays and there are regional examinations. Each article includes an bibliography and the whole volume has an index.
Fernandez-Arnesto, Felipe, ed. The Times Atlas of World Exploration: 3000 Years of Exploring, Explorers and Mapmaking. New York: Times Books, 1991. Davis Ref. FOLIO G1021.R23 1994
Section X of this source focuses on Africa from the eighteenth century (pp. 186-209). It gives an overall history of famous travelers and explorers with reproductions of antique maps and beautiful illustrations throughout. Biographical sketches are included that are short and general, including introductory material such as where the traveler went, his time period, and anything significant about the trip. Each sketch is a paragraph. The source includes a glossary of technical terms (pp. 243-244), biographical glossary (pp. 245-272), and an index of place-names (pp. 273-286). Because this is more an encyclopedic work than an atlas, the information and beauty of the book make it an interesting launching point for any researcher.
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Biographical Sources provide the best reference coverage of travelers. These sources include people who were not simply explorers or discoverers but also travelers, missionaries, scientists, and hunters. The leisure traveler is likely to be found in a biographical source more readily than in an encyclopedic work.
Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Charles Schribner's Sons, (publication years and editors vary with the volumes). Davis Ref. E176.D563
This impressive work includes biographical entries on peoples that are no longer living and have at some time resided in the United States. The editors assert that this work is not a compilation of previous works, but fresh independent biographical accounts. It focuses on personality and achievements, and the length of the article is not solely based upon the "importance" of an individual but on the amount of authentic information available (p. vi). It does not have an index but is arranged alphabetically by surname. The article on Henry Morton Stanley (v.9,pp.509-513) demonstrates the easy narrative style while covering both his journeys and his literary works. References are included at the end of each article for further research.
The National Cyclopedia of American Biography. 76 vols. New York: White, 1892 - 1984. Davis Ref. E176.N28
This work was created to be a part of the great national biographies of Europe. It is not alphabetically arranged so extensive use of the index is required. However, the index is comprehensive, in two different series with cross-references and topical references. The articles include portraits and signatures of its subject (first as drawings and later as photographs). The article on Henry Morton Stanley is quite detailed, including much personal information as well as details from his trips. The end of the article gives bibligraphic references to Stanley's writings.
Dictionary of National Biography. Compact ed. with complete text. London: Oxford Univeristy Press, 1975. Davis Ref. DA28.D47 v.1 - 22
Fenwick, Gillian. Women and the Dictionary of National Biography, A Guide to the DNB Volumes 1885-1985 and Missing Persons. Alder, England: Scolar Press, 1994. Davis Ref. DA28.D53 F43 1994
While the Dictionary of National Biography is an excellent source, it should be used in conjunction with the finding aid compiled by Gillian Fenwick. The Dictionary itself is a confusing but important compilation of British biographies. The article on Mary H. Kingsley, for example is written clearly and with sufficient depth to provide the researcher with a full biographical sketch of Kingsley and her travels in Africa (p. 71 in Fenwick, v. 22 pp. 939-941). The accompanying volume provides access to the excellent biographies in the Dictionary and make it a useful source.
Treasure, Geoffrey, ed. Who's Who in British History,Beginnings to 1901. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1998. Davis Ref. DA28.W616 1998, v.1,v.2
Contrary to the tradition of the Who's Who line of resources, where there are quick biographical sketches in small print and incomplete sentences, this Who's Who contains actual articles about its subjects and references for further research. It is arranged alphabetically and has many interesting accompanying materials that enriches the source: category indexes that arrange people topically for easy access; a general reading list; a timeline providing a chronology of events, useful for putting individuals within a timeframe; a glosary; genealogical tables (most useful for Royalty); and maps. Its article on Mary H. Kingsley (v. 2, pp. 760-761) provides a narrative article on her travels to Africa and her impact on the English audiences through her narratives and lectures.
Lipschultz, Mark R. and R. Kent Rasmussen. Dictionary of African Historical Biography. 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986. Davis Ref. DT352.6.L56 1986
This biographical source contains roughly 850 entries with both a subject guide and an index. The subject guide (p. 318) provides a list of travelers to Africa. Biographical sketches are informative and concise. For instance, the treatment of Richard Burton, a complex subject for any short biographical source, is clear and chronological. It includes not only Burton's achievements, but also a look at his collaboration with other travelers, primarily John H. Speke, famous for locating the source of the Nile (p. 225). Other biographical sketches included in this work are Mary Kingsley, (pp. 108-109), David Livingstone (p. 124),and Henry Morton Stanley (pp. 225-226). This source includes an extensive bibliography (pp. 291 - 316) and a subject guide to entries (pp. 317-323).
Brockman, Norbert C. An African Biographical Dictionary. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1994. Davis Ref. FOLIO DT18.B76 1994
This biographical dictionary provides short articles and is an excellent tool. It focuses on the importance of individuals to the development of Africa. The treatment of Mary Kingsley is illustrative because it deals quickly with biographical information and provides insight into her impact on the impression Britains had about the continent: "She also rejected theories of cultural and racial inferiority in West African Studies (1899), citing attempts to change or replace African social and political institutions as serious mistakes. Her influence was extensive and included direct access to the Colonial Office, where she presented her views." (p. 178) The African Biographical Dictionary has an excellent "Entries by Fields of Significance" index that is topically arranged. It uses such headings as "Christian Missionaries" and "Geographers and Explorers" to highlight travelers to the continent. (pp. 403-418)
Baker, Daniel B. Explorers and Discoverers of the World. Detriot: Gale, 1993. Davis Ref. G200.E88 1993
This source is divided by area and then deals with exploration chronologically. The biographical sketches are arranged alphabetically by surname and include a section at the end "Where to learn more" that includes annotation. Included in this section are books about the individual traveler as well as some topically pertinent works. For example, there are references to books discussing women travelers following an article on Mary H. Kingsley (p. 329). A table of contents lists the explorers, and while not comprehensive, the selection is good. Most impressive in this source is the introductory essay which discusses "Exploration as a Reflection of Society." An analysis of this kind is useful disregarding the actual biographical information. This source also places some emphasis on women as travelers. In the introductory section "Personal Motivations" the author states that biographers often felt the need to explain the motivations of a female traveler in a way that they did not with men (p. xv). This analysis of many travel writers' biographies offers the researcher a broader look at some issues being discussed in the subject area.
Bohlander, Richard E. World Explorers and Discoverers. New York: McMillan Publishing Co., 1992. Davis Ref. G200.W67 1992
This source is an excellent starting-off point for researchers because it includes a list of explorers by region of exploration (pp. 483 - 488). The essays on individuals are clear and well developed. An example is the treatment of Mary Kingsley, which includes pertinent excerpts from her own writings (pp. 255 - 258). The biographical examination move beyond time and place to get to the personality and purpose of individuals. This volume is illustrated and provides an extensive bibliography arranged by region and by explorer (pp. 489 - 511).
Waldman, Carl and Alan Wexler. Who was Who in World Exploration. New York: Facts on File, Inc. 1992. Davis Ref. G200.W24 1992
This source has a biographical approach to the history of exploration. The articles are arranged alphabetically and the first appendix gives a list of explorers by region of exploration, such as "Sub-Saharan Africa" (pp. 671 - 682). Appendix 2 is comprised of maps to accompany the biographies (pp. 683 - 698). The bibliography is especially useful as it is divided by region and quite extensive (pp. 699 - 712). The authors were conscious to include women in this volume as "despite social restrictions of the past, there were women who, as partners and guides, played an integral part in the success of expeditions. Some were travelers and explorers in their own right, and many left a valuable literary record of their adventures" (p. v). Their inclusion of the importance of women in travel is unique among the general sources.
Simpson, Donald H. Biography Catalog of the Library of the Royal Commonwealth Society. London: The Royal Commonwealth Society, 1961. Davis Ref. Z5301.R6
This is an alphabetical list of all the biographical materials in the Library of the Royal Commonwealth Society. It also includes biographical information on each entry. The source includes collective biographies as well. The source includes a collective biography and country index as well as an author index.
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Indexes and abstracts provide a gateway into often hard to access materials such as newspapers and periodicals. While sometimes difficult to use due to the cummulative nature of the material being indexed, with hard work they can pay off. Electronic indexes provide the easiest way to access information about publications, but paper indexes but also valuable in their informative content.
Biography and Genealogy Master Index Davis Ref.CD-ROM
This source is well-known for its completeness and accuracy. Its electronic format makes searching the index very easy. The index provides limited annotation of its sources with such useful tips as "Use table of contents to locate biographies." For example, a search on Henry Morton Stanley provides sixteen citations.
African Studies Davis Ref. CD-ROM
This source is an anthology CD-ROM that contains multidisciplinary information. It provides sources using searching tools such as author, title, subject and keyword. The ease of this CD- ROM is its best asset. Instructions for keystrokes are continuously displayed at the bottom of the screen, and while it is not a mouse-based program, the manueverability is excellent. The citations are arranged by the date published, showing the most recent first and then descending to the oldest. This source provides access to more obscure or unknown publications.
New York Times Index. New York: The New York Times Company, 1966. Davis Ref. AI 21.N43 (Row 13)
Falk, Byron A., Jr. and Valerie R. Falk. Personal Name Index to "The New York Times Index" 1851-1974. Succasunna, NJ: Roxbury Data Interface, 1976. Davis Ref. Z5301.F28 1976 (Row 1)
These two sources should be used in conjunction with each other. The New York Times Index is compiled yearly so that a researcher would have to look up an individual in each succeeding year's volume. The Personal Name Index eases that search by indexing where each individual appears. The Personal Name Index also lists when obituaries appear in the New York Times. For instance, under Mary H. Kingsley, there were four notations: 1896, p. 528; 1987, p. 795; 1899, p. 20; and 1900, p. 219 which was her obituary. The first three articles were about her traveling in Africa. The New York Times Index may be used to examine events as well as people, and once the date of the event is established, it is quite easy to look through the one or two volumes that may be appropriate. Access to newspaper reports of travelers will enrich any understanding of their impact on the world's impressions of Africa. Searching topically for such things as travel usually does not yield results, although under Africa in 1899 there was an article about someone following Stanley's route that could have been very fruitful.
Poole's Index to Periodical Literature. New York; Peter Smith, 1938. Davis Ref. AI 3.P7 (Row 19)
19th Century Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature. New York: H.W. Wilson Co., 1944. Davis Ref. AI 3.R496 (Row 19)
Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature, 1900- . Minneapolis: The H.W. Wilson Co., 1905- Davis Ref. AI 3.R48 (Row 19)
All three of these indexes are excellent sources for access to periodical literature. Poole's index is a good source for contemporary articles on travel and travelers. While each of these indexes are organized chronologically with time spans in different volumes requiring the researcher to spend quite a bit of time in retrieving the information, the compilation of the periodicals indexed here provides access to a wealth of information not available in easier forms.
Combined Retrospective Index to Journals in History 1838-1874. (Vol. 1 covers World History Africa - China) Davis Ref. Z6205.C18 (Row 16)
This index provides some excellent references to articles about African exploration and geography (pp. 161-165). The citation gives reference title, author, year, volume and page number and provides a key in the front of the volume for easier citation translation. As well, the index will include some articles about individual travelers, for example, Elspeth Robeson, as well as articles on travel journeys. The index also contains an author index.
Historical Abstracts. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 1955- . (Vol. 1- 16: ALL; Vol. 17 - : Part A: Modern History Abstracts 1450-1914, Part B: 20th Century Abstracts 1914- present) Davis Ref. D299.H512 (Row 16)
This index is organized by geographic area. There is a large section on travel, travel accounts, travel books, travel literature and travelers including many articles on Africa. A citation provides all the necessary information to access a pertinent article including author, title, journal title, volume number, and page numbers. There is a list of abbreviations in the front of the volume to assist the research in translating the citation.
Essay and General Literature Index 1900 - present. New York: The H. W. Wilson Company, 1934- Davis Ref. AI 3.E755 (Row 19)
While this index only covers books published since 1900, it is a valuable tool to access essays that may appear in a compendium volume of essay and not indexed elsewhere. A separate volume, or in earlier volumes in the back of the book, is listed the works and periodicals indexed. The index itself is done chronologically requiring repetitive searching, but if these searches are conducted, a researcher can retrieve articles on such things as travel, travelers, Mary H. Kingsley, travel books, travelers' tales, as well as under the heading Africa -- Description and travel.
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Geographical sources can be useful in many different ways for a researcher interested in travelers to Africa. They provide maps that trace the journeys travelers took and highlight places talked in travel narratives. There are two categories in the area of geographic sources. General geographic sources provide information about places. These include resources in an encyclopedic format as well as gazeteers. Atlases are more focused on the maps themselves.
Room, Adrian. Place-Name Changes 1900-1901. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1993. Davis Ref. G103.5.R657 1993
This is a good reference tool when reading travelers' accounts. It records different place names and their change over time. The author defines name change for this volume as an alternate spelling, different language, a result often of local reorganization, merging of adjoining regions, or specialized renaming for military operations. It has a good introductory essay about world geography and politics and how these forces affected names over time. An example of this is the effect of post-colonialism on the names of African places. Many parts of Africa replaced colonial names with those of indigenous ones following the disintegration of colonial control after World War II (p. x). The place-names are arranged in alphabetical order with cross- references provided.
World Geographic Dictionary. Vol. 1, Africa. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1994. Davis Ref. FOLIO G63.E5213 1995
This encyclopedic geographic source is a general, well-illustrated treatment of the geography of Africa. It includes a chapter on "Great Routes and Voyages of Discovey" (pp. 339 - 349) with an excellent essay entitled "The Discovery of the Sources of the Nile" (pp. 346-347).
Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, Vol. 2 Africa. 9th ed. Detriot: Gale, 1998. Davis Ref. G63.W67 1998, v.2
This geographic source provides an approximately ten page article on each country in Africa with such sub-categories as location and size, topography, climate, ethnic groups, history, and current information. It makes no mention specifically of travelers, but will give the researcher much general geographic information. It is particularly useful in its individual treatment of the nations of Africa, often lacking in other encyclopedic geographic sources.
Munroe, David, ed. Chambers World Gazetteer. Cambridge: Chambers, 1988. Davis Ref. G103.5.C453 1988
This gazetteer has included its places on the criteria of adminstrative divisions and functions, areas of special interest for historic, religious, industrial or tourist emphasis, or an event that was considered to have world-wide impact. The articles include brief historical and current information.
Room, Adrian. Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for Over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities and Historic Sites. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1997. Davis Ref. G105.R7 1997
This source is an excellent research aid when delving into travelers' accounts. It involves three aspects of place: history, geography and language. It includes two glossaries for non-English words, appendices and a bibliography.
McEvedy, Colin. Atlas of African History. New York: Facts on File, 1980. Davis Ref. G2446.S1 M3 1980
This small but informative source delves into the issues of European travelers and their impact on Africa with the simultaneous European colonialism. The Atlas is small and has rudimentary maps, but the accompanying text is rich with insight. This is not intended to be a reference atlas, but an outline for historical context. It is organized chronologically and does an excellent job of demonstrating diachronic change.
Cohen, Saul B., ed.The Columbia Gazetteer. 3 vol. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998. Davis Ref. G103.5.C65 1998 v. 1-3
The Columbia Gazetteer is the most comprehensive, accurate and current gazetteer today. it is based on the reputable Columbia-Lippcott Gazetteer of the World and includes a wide variety of different information about place. For instance, a typical entry could include demography, physical geography, political boundaries, industry, trade, agriculture, culture, history, archaeology, transportation, relative distance, pronunciation, local governmental place names, changed or variant names and spellings, longitude and latitude, and elevation. It includes both historical information and geographical information.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Map Library
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill has an excellent collection of Atlases from the nineteenth century. The collection includes publishers such as Colton, Mitchell and Johnson throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Unfortunately, there is not a webpage at this time, but we anticipate web access in the future. The hours are Monday through Friday 8am to 5pm, and it is located in the basement of Wilson Library in Chapel Hill.
Ohio State University Libraries Black Studies Library Website, Maps of Africa
This interactive map site at Ohio State is a excellent tool for understanding the geography of Africa. It includes several different maps and a bibliography of sources that can be used for further research.
The New York Times Atlas of the World. 3rd Rev. Concise ed. New York: Bartholomew/Times, 1993. Davis Ref. FOLIO G1021.N57 1992
This atlas has an excellent overall map and details of the regions of Africa (pp. 82-89). The atlas has a place index with page number and map coordinates for easy access (pp. 149-243), and includes a glossary that translates terms.
The Times Atlas of the World. 9th comprehensive ed. London: Times Books, 1992. Davis Ref. G1021.J67 1992
This atlas contains 12 maps of Africa (plate 84-95). Each map is two pages and while not containing a lot of information, the maps are clear and easy to read. As well, the volume has a key card which can be looked at in conjunction to the map. The regional maps are very detailed, including major roads. The atlas has a glossary and an extensive detailed index. The index lists plate number, location on the plate, name of country, and physical position on the globe (latitude and longitude).
National Geographic Atlas of the World. Rev. 6th ed. Washington D.C.: National Geographic Society, 1996. Davis Ref. G1021.N38 1996
This atlas has an excellent physical map of Africa (p. 90) that contains very little political information. Other maps within the African chapter (pp. 88-95) contain political information. The atlas contains an extensive index for easier access to the information.
Oxford Encyclopedic World Atlas. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University press, 1997. Davis Ref. G1021.G417 1997
This atlas has a large section on Africa (pp. 131-166). It includes a wide variety of different kinds of maps including topographic, geographic, political, climatic, population, annual rainfall, natural vegetation and others. Individual maps are accompanied by text on individual countries. The introductory chapter entitled "Introduction to World Geography" is an excellent global examination of such variables as climate, and "The Human Family" which talks about such things as language groups.
Fage, J.D. An Atlas of African History. New York: Africana Publishing Company, 1978. Davis Ref. G2446.S1 F3 1978
While an outdated source, this source does includes a wonderful and unique map, "Christian Missions in Africa 1792 - 1914"(Map 61). This map is a wealth of information as missionaries comprised a large group of travelers, who often recorded their experiences in foreign lands. David Livingstone, for example, was a missionary. This map includes both Catholic and Protestant missionaries and indicates the movement of these missionaries throughout the continent. This source also includes a series of maps demonstrating alien rule, organized chronologically: 1830, 1880, 1891, 1914, 1924, and 1939 (Maps 53-58). "The European Exploration of Africa 1788-1900" (Map 44) gives dates and traveling routes of explorers, such as John H. Speke's two journeys in Africa as well as Stanley's well-know passage. The source also includes an appendix of Post-Colonial name changes and an index. Overall the most impressive part of this source is the beautifully made maps, that highlight the continent of Africa in so many unique ways.
Porter, A.N., ed. Atlas of British Overseas Expansion. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991. Davis Ref. G1805.A8 1991
This is a history of British expansion that includes maps and geographic, political and physical information. This source is centered on British action and economic imperialism. The table of contents is confusing, but it has an excellent index that helps guide the researcher through the somewhat confusing layout. It also includes an extensive bibliography that includes both other atlases and histories written on specific topics. Two maps that are particularly useful are on British exploration in Africa. One dates 1770-1856 and the other 1856-1890 and include rough outlines of the routes explorers took. This text also includes articles on famous travelers such as John H. Speke, David Livingstone, and Henry Morton Stanley (pp.78-80) but does not include such leisure travelers as Mary H. Kingsley.
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Perhaps the largest area of information, bibliographic sources comprise many different topics pertinent to travelers to Africa. Topical bibliographies provide listings of books available and are fantastic tools for reasearchers. They can be broad treatments of topics or very specific. Included here are works on African history, travel writing, and book-length biographies of travelers.
Day, Alan Edwin. Discovery and Exploration: A Reference Handbook. New York: Clive Bingley Limited, 1980. Davis Ref. G80.D36 v.1
"The purpose of this Handbook is to describe in outline the voyages and journeys of pioneer discoverers and explorers of our globe from the earliest times to the present day, to examine the religious, commercial, military, and scientific motive which urged them on, and, at the same time, to indicate the relevant early and modern printed sources of information." (p. 7) It is an excellent bibliographic tool for the researcher in travel to Africa. An example of its entries is the Journal Royal Geographic Society. This entry includes its dates of publication and content analysis. It also notes other publications that grew out of the Journal and points to another reference source that will aid in researching this publication. A careful perusal of this source should provide excellent resources for any researcher in travelers.
Kaplan, Louis. Bibliography of American Autobiographies. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1961. Davis Ref. Z5305.U5 B524 1961
This bibliography is a collection of American Autobiographies arranged alphabetically by author. The index is divided by topical categories such as: occupation, place of residence, and important historical events. It is also divided by time period such as 1850-1900 or 1900-1945. The index gives an entry number and the entry numbers run across the top of the page for easy access. It has several entries under Africa as well as "adventurers and vagabonds" and "explorers." The entries include a citation with a brief statement of content.
Arksey, Laura, Nancy Preis and Marcia Reed. American Diaries: An Annotated Bibliography of Published American Diaries and Journals to 1980, Vol. 2 1845-1980. Detriot: Gale Research Co., 1983. Davis Ref. Z5305.U5 A74 1983 (2 vols)
This is an excellent bibliographic tool for researchers. The index is excellent and the annotation following the citation is informative.
Greenwood Publishing Group African Studies On Line Catalog
While a purchasing catalog for books, this website is an excellent bibliographic source. It provides both the citation information as well as a description and contents section that provides more information than a regular book catalog. The descriptions are well-written and informative and the list contains both general histories and monographs in African studies.
Birkett, Deborah. Mary Kingsley (1862 - 1900): A Biographical Bibliography. England: Bristol University Press, 1993. DT476.23.K5 B575 1993
This biographical bibliography includes both biographical information and bibliographical citations. It is a compact volume that contains a huge amount of information on Mary Kingsley and her literary works. Most impressive is the collection of the more obscure works such as reviews of books written by Kingsley (pp. 17 - 19). Birkett has included a list of obituaries, tributes, memorials and personal reminiscences that further emphasizes the impact that Kingsley made on the world. Bibliographic works such as these are not as plentiful as researchers would like, but this one is an excellent example of the work already done for many research projects.
Chamberlain, M.E. The Scramble for Africa. London: Longman Group, 1974. DT29.C45
This short but important work discusses the impact of European perceptions of Africa on its subsequent involvement in the continent. The second chapter, "The Victorian Image of Africa" (pp. 17-29) is particularly informative, placing a cultural and intellectual dimension to many travelers. A substantial bibliography is provided (pp. 147 - 155).
Sagay, J.O. and D.A. Wilson Africa - A Modern History (1800 - 1975). New York: Africana Publishing Company, 1978. DT28.S23 1980
This text covers a broad time period in African history. It provides an excellent general history on Africa, including some text on missionaries and explorers and their impact (pp. 179-190). The text includes illustrations and maps that enhance its content.
Davidson, Basil. Modern Africa. London: Longman Group, 1983. DT29.D384 1983
Basil Davidson is one of the most respected African historians. He has published many excellent monographs and general histories. This work covers the period from World War I into the 1980s. It is a general history, more geared toward a surface examination of Africa in the 20th century. However, Davidson simply and concisely deals with such issues as the partition of Africa, Africa in the first World War, and Africa between the wars. The text is accompanied by informative maps. Davidson's writing style is easy-going and quickly comprehensible.
Oliver, Caroline. Western Women in Colonial Africa. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982. HQ1787.O4 1982
This collective biography present the story of five female travelers to Africa. the narrative style makes it easy to read and enjoyable, but it does not lack the depth of analysis which such works normally do. For example, in the essay on Mary Kingsley, oliver outlines Kingsley's assessment of social and physiological maturity. Kingsley combats Victorian perceptions of Africans while creating perceptions of her own (ch. 3, pp. 76 - 94). Oliver's ability to combine both narrative and analytic writing styles makes this source an important contribution.
Freeman-Grenville, G.S.P. Chronology of African History. London: Oxford University Press, 1973. Davis Ref. DT17.F73
This source is an excellent aid for reasearchers. It provides a good supplement to information by juxtaposing what was happening in African against events around the world. It outlines different areas of Africa such as Egypt and Sudan, Western Africa, Central Africa, Eastern Africa, Northern Africa, Southern Africa and Other Countries. It is organized chronologically. The index is comprised of proper names and geographic locations, and lists dates not page numbers.
Knight, Donald R. and Alan B. Sabey. the Lion Roars at Wembley: British Empire Exhibition 60th Anniverary 1924 - 1925. London: Barnard & Westwood Limited, 1984. T988.B1 K64 1984
This book is an examination of the British exhibition at Wembley during 1924 - 1925. It is an interesting source for its references to Africa and travelers from that region. An example is the exhibit for Nyasaland that included the flag that Livingstone took with him when he "discovered" Nyasaland and the compass used by H.M. Stanley when he subsequently searched for Livingstone (p. 54). While this book does not provide direct evidence of travelers to Africa, it does provide some image of the impact of traveling on both British and American societies. It is a good example of the fantastic places to find information.
The Ghost and the Darkness Constellation Films (Paramount) directed by Stephen Hopkins, released 1997. (Available at Video Rental Stores)
This film is the story of two man-eating lions who prevent the construction of a bridge for the railroad that the British empire is builing in East Africa. While not strictly about travelers, this film is an example of the kinds of tales that can be savored from travelers' writings. This story comes from a twentieth-century British writer about Africa, Elspeth Huxley. ( East Africa. London: Penns in the Rocks Press, 1941)
Leed, Eric J. The Mind of the Traveler: From Gigamesh to Global Tourism. New York: Basic Books, 1991. G151.L44 1991
This book is an excellent introduction on the history of travel. Leed defines travel and looks at such aspects as social effects and the interrelation of travel and culture. Instead of dealing with individual travelers, Leed topically discusses travel. This is a theoretical approach to travel.
Von Martels, Zweder, ed. Travel Fact and Travel Fiction" Studies on Fiction, Literary Tradition, Scholarly Discovery and Observation in Travel Writing. Leiden: E.J.Brill, 1994. G151.T67 1994
This is a collection of essays about travel and travelers, and while none of the main essays are about Africa, the introductory essay "The Eye and the Eye's Mind" is an excellent essay about travel writing and the process of travel writing. Martels provides insight for the research approaching travel narratives including some of the pitfalls of these works, particularly the danger in accepting travel narratives as "fact" when they could very well be "fiction" (pp. xi-xviii)
Youngs, Tim. Travellers in Africa: British Travelogues, 1850-1900. New York: Manchester University Press, 1994. G240.Y69 1994
Youngs examines the expression of identity evident in travel narratives. His critical work on travel writing involves complex concepts of image, power, social context, narration and representation. This work is heavily theoretical approach to the study of travel writing and its impact upon both travelers and the reading public as well as its historical significance.
Stevenson, Catherine Barnes. Victorian Women Travel Writers in Africa. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1982. PR788.T72 S8 1982
This source is an analysis of female travel writers' contributions in the nineteenth century. To Stevenson, women are not a part of the traditional genre of travel writing. She asserts that they are looking for a mode of self-representation and accommodation in a society that typically stifled them. Women travel writers created an alternative tradition, with "heroism, rooted in fortitude and patience, achieves its triumphs through adaptation, not conquest." (p. 161) She has an excellent analytical chapter on Mary Kingsley and her role as a Victorian woman traveler (pp. 87-159). She employs both biography and literary criticism to explore her thesis and includes a comprehensive bibliography (pp. 176-80).
Blunt, Alison. Travel, Gender and Imperialism: Mary Kingsley and West Africa. New York: The Guilford Press, 1994. DT476.23.K56 B58 1994
Alison Blunt provides an analysis of travel writing through the experiences of Mary Kingsley. She incorporates concepts of gender and imperialism into her discussion. She explores concepts of subjectivity and has a critical eye towards post-structuralist, post-colonial and feminist analyses of travel writing because they deny the imperial context. Blunt includes an excellent extensive bibliography.
Setel, Philip. "A Good Moral Tone": Victorian Ideals of Health and the Judgement of Persons in Nineteenth Century Travel and Mission Accounts from East Africa. Boston: African Studies Center, Boston University, 1991. HN692.A8 S484 1991
This is an excellent example of an essay using travel narratives. Setel has used travel narratives to explore personal body. Within the realm of health issues, Setel delineates issues of race and gender through Victorian travelers to Africa. Extended footnotes and a complete bibliography make this a valuable resource for other researchers investigating these travelers.
The biography is an excellent resource for detailed and analytical information about individuals. They also can highlight the social and cultural atmosphere in which an individual lived. Biographies can be located through the library catalog, bibliographies and other reference sources discussed in Biographical Sources. Following are some examples of biographies:
Wallace, Kathleen. This is Your Home: A Portrait of Mary Kingsley. Melbourne: William Heinemann Ltd., 1956. DT504.K5 W3 1956
Campbell, Olwen. Mary Kingsley: A Victorian in the Jungle. London: Methuen & Co., Ltd., 1957. DT504.K5 C3
Howard, Cecil. Mary Kingsley. London: Hutchinson & Co., 1957. DT504.K5 H67
Pearce, Robert D. Mary Kingsley: Light at the Heart of Darkness. Oxford: The Kensal Press, 1990. DT476.23.K56 P4 1990
Frank, Katherine. A Voyager Out: The Life of Mary Kingsley. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1986. DT476.23.K56 F72 1986
This collection of biographies represent some of the available monographs on Mary Kingsley. They are varied in their approach to biography, some using the narrative style while others use a more historical approach. Most of these biographies include bibliographies that outline not only other critical works abut Mary Kingsley, but her own literary achievements. often they include illustrations as well. The analysis of Mary Kingsley is that she was a complicated woman. Biographies do a wonderful job of placing an individual within their own context, and these examples are not exceptions. Robert D. Pearce summarized that "Mary Kingsley is a paradox. She was a rebel and yet a conformist, irreverent but also a traditionalist. She was a humorist of brilliance; she was a lonely and depressive personality. She 'skylarked' in Africa, 'puddling' up and down rivers; she had a solemn and dedicated seriousness of person... She paved the way for our modern understanding of Afirca and is one of the few figures from the history of the British Empire who can be admired equally by members of all races. Yet she was also an outspoken racist, a polygenist who believed that the negro belonged to a separate species from the European... Mary Kingsley, as well as providing a daunting challenge to any biographer, was one of the most intriguing but unfathomable personalities of late-Victorian England and a provocative and challenging voice in British imperial history." (Pearce, p. 19)
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There are several historical serials that would aid in the research of travelers to Africa. More and more, travelers are a topic of serious study among historians as opposed to incidental source material. Indexes and abstracts would be a first step in finding articles in individual historical journals.
The Journal of African Travel-Writing
This website promotes a journal of the same name. It includes travel memoirs, analytical essays and reviews. A selection of full text items are available on line.
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Travel narratives are the bulk of the primary source material available for review. Rare book collections and reprints have preserved these narratives for us to look at today. The insight that the traveler offers in a narrative is a window to both the place that they are traveling to and the place they have come from. Many travelers felt the drive to record their impressions and travels. Margaret L. Woods, in Pastels Under the Southern Cross justified the importance of travel narratives for the input they are responsible for: "For it may often happen that though the inhabitant know most, the visitor sees most. He sees those broad outlines which eyes necessarily riveted on details, end by losing. And a visitor is there to see. In places where we live our energies are largely spent in doing. A visitor is freed from cares and occupations all his mental energies, all such knowledge of life and powers of observation as he may have acquired elsewhere, are focused on the country and people with which he is making acquaintance" (preface, p. viii). The late nineteenth and early twentieth century is an excellent era to study for travel narratives. Not only have many survived, but the travelers of that period were particularly conscious of their role as Woods attests. The material avialable in travel narratives is an invaluable resource for the researcher.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Rare Book Collection
The UNC Travel Collection cntains approximately 1100 volumes. This collection contains primarily American authors, but also includes British, French and German authors among others. the Rare Book Collection is open Monday through Friday 8:00 am to 5:00 pm and Saturdays 9:00 am to 1:00 pm. It is located on the second floor of the Wilson Library. The Rare Book Collection website provides more extensive information about its collections.
McCormick, Linda A. American Women Travelers, 1815-1915: A Bibliography and Collection Analysis of the UNC Rare Book Travel Collection. Chapel Hill: UNC School of Library and Information Science Master's Paper, December 1996. SILS Master's Papers No. 2299
This Master's paper is an analysis of the Rare Book Collection's women travel narratives. It includes an annotated bibliography and a brief introduction to the travel narrative genre and collections. The bulk of the paper, though is devoted to an annotated bibliography of the Rare book Collection's narratives and would be useful before beginning to use the collection at Wilson Library.
Woods, Margaret L. Pastels Under the Southern Cross. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1911. RBC Smith-Elder 1943
Woods' travel narrative is a wonderful journey into the travel writing genre. It is a collection of observations, as "...it is, at bottom, desire for experiences that leads travellers to travel." (p. ix) She is keenly aware of travelers that have preceeded her in Africa, such as Kingsley and Livingstone, and is interested not only in Africa but in travel itself and what it means to herself and her contemporaries.
Northrop, Henry Davenport. Wonders of the Tropics or Explorations and Adventures of Henry M. Stanley. Bridgeport, CT: Union Book Company, 1891. RBC Travel DT351.N87 1891
Northrop has gathered a collection of travel tales from contemporary travelers. The full subtitle gives an excellent desciption of the contents of his book including the tone he wished to set: "Wonders of the Tropics or Explorations and Adventures of Henry M. Stanley and other World-Renowned Travelers, including Livingstone, Baker, Cameron, Speke, Emin Pasha, Du Chaillu, Andersson, etc. etc. containing Thrilling Accounts of Famous Expeditions, Miraculous Escapes, Wild Sports of the Jungle and the Plain, curious customs of savage races, Journeys in unknown lands, and marvelous discoveries in the wils of Africa together with graphic descriptions of beautiful scenery, fertile valleys, vast forests, mighty rivers and cataracts, inland seas, mines of untold wealth, precious beasts, etc., etc. The whole comprising a Vast Treasury of all that is Marvelous and and Wonderful in the Dark Continent." This is a typical example of travel narratives in collective form. It includes reprints of the travel narratives and biographical material on the traveler. This is a book to glorify the experience of travelers in Africa.
Hatch, Olivia Stokes. Olivia's African diary : Cape Town to Cairo, 1932. Washington, D.C.:distributed by A.C.E. Distribution Center, 1980. DT 365.2.H37
This is an example of an "unchanged" diary or a reprint of a diary kept while on her trip. It is written in diary form with no conscious effort to make it exhilirating or narrative. She recorded even the most mundane of her adventures as she traveled with her parents up the interior of Africa. She spent most of her times with other Europeans. This travel narrative is well illustrated with photographs that enrich the "colonial" feel for the trip.
Hemingway, Ernest. "The Christmas Gift: The Story of a Husband's Gesture which led to a Brush with Death" in Look, Vol. 18, No. 8, April 20, 1954, pp. 29-37. RBC FOLIO PS3515.E37 C47
Hemingway, Ernest. "Safari" in Look Vol. 18, No. 2, Jan. 26, 1954, pp. 19-34. RBC FOLIO PS3515.E37 S2
Aside from being one of America's favorite writers, Ernest Hemingway is one of America's most famous big game hunters. These two articles are autobiographical tales of his adventures in Africa with his wife Mary. The first is a truly adventurous tale, including two plane crashes in the Belgian Congo, his reliance on survival skills, and many fantastic animals. There is no mention of indigenous peoples. The second is more geared toward the African peoples as he discusses the Masai, distributing medicine, and problems with draught. In either case, there is plenty of Hemingway bravado and photographs to accompany the tale. He exemplifies the early twentieth century adventurer in his hunting tales.
Eastman, George. Chronicles of an African trip. New York: George eastman, 1927. (printed privately for the author) 916.762 E13c
This is a collection of letters that chronicle the adventures of a hunting party. This exemplifies another format for travel narratives. It is an exciting collection of tales for hunting enthusiasts.
White, Stewart Edward. The Land of Footprints. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Page, 1912. 916.76 W588L
This travel narrative includes a few of the common literary tools. In his introductory chapter about travel writing, he includes a disclaimer that he does not want to appear to be "bragging" about his journeys. (p. 7). He includes statements about an emotional attachment to Africa, and is also appealing to the hunting readership. Hunting and wild-life adventure was a large part of the appeal of Africa for the English and Americans. This is considered a true adventure book.
Robeson, Eslanda Goode. African journey. New York, The John Day Company, 1945. DT12 .R54
This is another example of a typical travel narrative. Like White, Robeson experiences a "call" to Africa. She writes in a easy-to-read narrative style. Robeson does write an adventure story, but it is also a cultural and societal examination of Africa. This would be typical of women travel writers. Many literary critics who have studied female travel writing (see Stevenson in Bibliographic Sources Travel Writing - Critical Works)suggest that women travelers were less interesting in creating the fantastic tales and more concerned with writing about cultural and societal observations.
Kingsley, Mary H. Travels in West Africa. London : The Folio Society, c1976. DT472 .K53 1976
This is the first book written by Mary Kingsley. It is an examination of West African culture and society, a study of an educational journey through Africa rather than a retelling of a geographical journey. Kingsley is one of the most famous of the female travelers because of assertions that she makes in this volume about the place that Africans hold in traditional Victorian ideology.
Kingsley, Mary H.. The story of West Africa. London, H. Marshall & Son, 1899. DT502 .K55
This is a history that Mary Kingsley wrote based upon her travels in Africa. While not strictly a travel narrative, it is based upon the experiences Kingsley had in Africa and those experiences are incorporated into the text.
Galton, Francis. The Art of Travel; or Shifts and Contrivances Available in Wild Countries. Great Britain: David & Charles, 1971 (reprint). G150 .G18 1971b
This is an example of a travel companion book produced in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It includes tips on hunting, fishing, "survival skills", how to rough it, how to work contemporary equipment, health tips such as water concerns and food, how to make a fire; tips about bedding, clothing, how to keep a log book, how to make knots for climbing and mountaineering, and many others. These travel companion books were very popular and provide some insight into the concerns of travelers and some of their expectations. It includes an index and a detailed table of contents for easy navigation.
Waller, Horace. Health Hints for Central Africa. London: John Murray, 1893. RBC Murray 4098
Here is another example of the "How To" travel companion. It is primarily concerned with health issues in tropical Africa. Waller attempts to disuade unsuspecting travelers from venturing into Africa ill-prepared: "One fairly stands aghast at the pronouncement of "promoters" and others who, amongst the glitter of the gold-mining venture to hide from others (and perhaps from themselves) the fact that tropical Africa is an unhealthy land for the majority of Europeans who go thither." (p. 9) Waller deals with prevention through such topics as diet, where to sleep, filtered water, and "burning the candle at both ends." He recommends getting plenty of sleep, drinking wine at night to relax, sleeping under a mosquito curtain, and smoking in moderation (pp. 51-52). Waller emphasis on the dangers of tropical Africa gives some indication of the sheer number of people that were traveling or considering travel to the region.
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Travel narratives and adventure stories have long been a part of juvenile literature. Travelers to Africa are an easy way to interest children in far away lands and peoples. Included here are few rudimentary sources that demonstrate the availablity of juvenile sources on and about this topic:
The Encyclopedia of Africa. New York: F. Watts, 1976. SILS J960 Encyclopedia
This encyclopedia includes both a gazetteer and a biographical section of many famous people involved in Africa. The biographical section is arranged alphabetically and it is illustrated well with photographs, pictures and maps. The encyclopedia has a section on explorers, including Speke, Stanley, Livingstone and Kingsley. It is a good starter encyclopedia for the juvenile audience.
Hughes, Langston. The First Book of Africa. New York: Franklin Watts, Inc., 1960. SILS J960 Hughes
This "first book" provides a basic biography of both David Livingstone and Henry Stanley with their discoveries. Hughes does refer to books, records and journals that Stanley was writing and lecturing. It is an excellent introduction into England's most famous traveler's to Africa.
Davidson, Basil. A Guide to African History. Garden City, NJ: Zenith Books, 1965. SILS J960 Davidson
Davidson has compiled a simplified version of his earlier works on Africa. It is a good general history of Africa and written directly for a younger audience. While it does not directly include information about travelers, it does provide a back-drop from which travelers' adventures can be better understood.
Hoff, Rhoda. Africa: Adventures in Eye-witness History. New York: Henry Z. Walck, Inc. 1963. SILS Y960.H69
This book emphasizes the first hand aspect of eye-witness accounts and tries to minimize "editorial interference." It covers a wide time period from Herodotus to 1962, but does include excerpts from Livingstone, Stanley, Kingsley, Akeley and others. Hoff has included a brief biographical sketch preceeding the excerpt, including information such as when they went to Africa, who they were, who went with them and why they went.
Hoyt, Edwin T. Teddy Roosevelt in Africa. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1966. (Not included in the UNC-CH Library Collections)
This is a fictionalized account of Teddy Roosevelt's trip to Africa. This is the most common genre of travel narrative found in the juvenile sources. While much of the account cannot be seen as "fact," this kind of source is the most successful in creating curiosity about Africa and travelers.
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Many libraries around the world have created African Studies programs that would be helpful in the pursuit of studying travelers to Africa. Included is a sampling of some links that may be helpful. There are both library programs and pathfinders that exist on the web. Many times, the link will connect to other sources as well.
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For more information about UNC-CH Library Collections connect to the
UNC-CH Library Catalog
Last updated on December 2, 1998
Questions or comments? wissk@ils.unc.edu
This pathfinder was created by Kathy Wisser for a class project in INLS 111: Information Resources and Services, Fall 1998 at the School of Information and Library Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.